Source or prior law:

(a). G.S. 1868, ch. 80, §§ 409, 410, 539; L. 1909, ch. 182, §§ 407, 408, 563; R.S. 1923, 60-3104, 60-3117, 60-3118.

(b). G.S. 1868, ch. 80, § 414; L. 1909, ch. 182, § 412; R.S. 1923, 60-3122.

(c). G.S. 1868, ch. 80, § 417; L. 1909, ch. 182, § 414; R.S. 1923, 60-3124.

Cross References to Related Sections:

Judgment defined, see 60-254(a).

Demand for judgment, see 60-254(c).

Time when judgment effective in limited actions, see 61-3302.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

"Highlights of Kansas Code of Civil Procedure (1963)," Spencer A. Gard, 2 W.L.J. 199, 202 (1963).

"Divorce and Alimony Under the New Code," Dan Hopson, Jr., 12 K.L.R. 27, 45, 46 (1963).

1963-65 survey of civil practice, Earl B. Shurtz, 14 K.L.R. 171, 186 (1965).

"Troublesome Areas of Appellate Practice," John F. Fontron, 37 J.B.A.K. 173, 176 (1968).

"Federal Income Tax Implications of Divorce," Larry K. Meeker, 14 W.L.J. 219, 221 (1975).

Contributory negligence of child precluding parents' recovery for loss of child's services, 14 W.L.J. 691, 695 (1975).

"Contested Estate Matters After Court Unification," Calvin J. Karlin, 48 J.B.A.K. 97, 105 (1979).

"The Kansas Tort Claims Act and School Districts," Susan C. Jacobson, 28 K.L.R. 619, 630 (1980).

"Survey of Kansas Law: Consumer Law," 29 K.L.R. 483, 490 (1981).

"No Fault Automobile Insurance: An Analysis of the Kansas Automobile Injury Reparations Act," Linda L. Pfalzgraf, 20 W.L.J. 375, 377, 405 (1981).

"The History of Warranties of Quality in the Sale of Goods: Contract or Tort?—A Case Study in Full Circles," Paul B. Rasor, 21 W.L.J. 175, 205, 217 (1982).

"School Liability for Athletic Injuries: Duty, Causation and Defense," James D. Harty, 21 W.L.J. 315, 336 (1982).

"Torts: Causes of Action Must be Litigated at One Time Under the Comparative Negligence Principles," Joyce Danzinger, 21 W.L.J. 725, 726 (1982).

"Recent Development in Kansas Civil Procedure," E. Elinor P. Schroeder, 32 K.L.R. 515, 538, 539 (1984).

"Survey of Kansas Law: Torts," William Edward Westerbeke, 33 K.L.R. 1, 30 (1984).

"A Plain English Approach to Loss of Future Earning Capacity," Evelyn Esther Zabel, 24 W.L.J. 253, 256 (1985).

"Contorts...Twisting Back Time Failing to Procure Insurance," Michael W. Simpson, XIII J.K.T.L.A. No. 1, 18 (1989).

"Challenging and Defending Agency Actions in Kansas," Steve Leben, 64 J.K.B.A. No. 5, 22, 35 (1995).

"A practitioner's guide to summary judgment Part 1," Robert W. Parnacott, 67 J.K.B.A. No. 10, 36 (1998).

"Some issues concerning the property of married persons in Kansas," John C. Peck, 68 J.K.B.A. No. 8, 18 (1999).

"The Misapplication of Comparative Negligence: An Argument for the Use of Joint and Several Liability in Gun Control," Michele M. O'Malley, 40 W.L.J. 334 (2001).

"Survey of Kansas Tort Law: Part I," William E. Westerbeke and Stephen R. McAllister, 49 K.L.R. 1037 (2001).

"The Immunity Provisions in the Kansas Tort Claims Act: The First Twenty-Five Years," William E. Westerbeke, 52 K.L.R. 939 (2004).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Delinquent personal property tax collection; tax lien; time of attachment. 95-55.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

Prior law cases, see G.S. 1949, 60-3117, 60-3118, 60-3122, 60-3124 and the 1961 Supp. thereto.

1. Interest on judgment in negligence action commencing date of verdict held proper. Reel v. Kress & Co., 192 Kan. 525, 528, 389 P.2d 831.

2. Clerk enters judgment on jury verdict forthwith, other judgments only when directed by the judge. Corbin v. Moser, 195 Kan. 252, 253, 254, 255, 403 P.2d 800.

3. Judgment final on clerk's entry on appearance docket at judge's direction or on journalization. Guerrero v. Capitol Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n, 197 Kan. 18, 20, 21, 415 P.2d 257.

4. Mentioned; appeal may be taken within 30 days of entry of judgment. Ten Eyck v. Harp, 197 Kan. 529, 532, 419 P.2d 922.

5. Applied; wrongful death action; record examined; no error. Bott v. Wendler, 203 Kan. 212, 216, 453 P.2d 100.

6. Entry made by clerk without direction by court is not an authorized or effective entry of judgment. Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corp. v. Alpha Construction Co., 203 Kan. 591, 597, 598, 455 P.2d 555.

7. Order of state appeals committee of state department of social welfare denying welfare benefits is judicial or quasi-judicial in nature. Powers v. State Department of Social Welfare, 208 Kan. 605, 611, 493 P.2d 590.

8. Judgment rendered without a jury not "entered" until journal entry filed or entry in appearance docket made, res judicata inapplicable. Urban Renewal Agency v. Reed, 211 Kan. 705, 711, 508 P.2d 1227.

9. Statute does not limit manner of divorce judgment solely to filing of a journal entry. Mentzer v. Mentzer, 212 Kan. 539, 541, 543, 544, 512 P.2d 320.

10. Form of judgment by journal entry within discretion of trial judge; not effective until filed. Van Brunt, Executrix, v. Jackson, 212 Kan. 621, 625, 512 P.2d 517.

11. Trial judge determined effective date of judgment; appeal filed within 60 days thereof is timely filed. Brookover Feed Yards, Inc. v. Carlton, Commissioner, 213 Kan. 684, 686, 518 P.2d 470.

12. Applied; trial court memorandum decision concerning validity of K.S.A. 40-3117. Manzanares v. Bell, 214 Kan. 589, 592, 522 P.2d 1291.

13. Mentioned in deciding date modified judgment entered for purposes of determining interest rates. Lippert v. Angle, 215 Kan. 626, 627, 527 P.2d 962.

14. Divorce judgment rendered in open court good as between the parties, even though no journal entry filed nor entry made in appearance docket. In re Estate of Penn, 216 Kan. 153, 155, 157, 531 P.2d 133.

15. Tentative property division in divorce proceeding modified ex parte; new trial on division issue awarded. Gechter v. Gechter, 216 Kan. 360, 363, 532 P.2d 1089.

16. Applied in determining failure to file notice of appeal within time allowed by K.S.A. 60-2103. Brown v. Brown, 218 Kan. 34, 36, 37, 542 P.2d 332.

17. Applied; reference in K.S.A. 60-2414 (o) means adjudicated lien. Lenexa State Bank & Trust v. Dixon, 221 Kan. 238, 246, 559 P.2d 776.

18. Section applied; trial court not in error in applying doctrine of assumption of risk. George v. Beggs, 1 Kan. App. 2d 356, 358, 564 P.2d 593.

19. Section applied; appellate jurisdiction is a matter of statute; properly filed. Rewerts v. Whittington, 1 Kan. App. 2d 557, 559, 571 P.2d 58.

20. Applied; appeal not filed within time prescribed by K.S.A. 60-2103; dismissed. Kittle v. Owen, 1 Kan. App. 2d 748, 749, 573 P.2d 1115.

21. "Entry of judgment" defined; lien became effective from time petition filed. Carnation Co. v. Midstates Marketers, Inc., 2 Kan. App. 2d 236, 237, 577 P.2d 827.

22. Applied; appeal from order suspending imposition of sentence held timely filed. State v. Brady, 2 Kan. App. 2d 382, 383, 384, 580 P.2d 434. Syllabus ¶ 2 and corresponding statements in Brady opinion overruled. State v. Moses, 227 Kan. 400, 403, 607 P.2d 477.

23. Oral ruling not final judgment; no motion to set aside required under K.S.A. 60-260. In re Estate of Carothers, 3 Kan. App. 2d 156, 158, 591 P.2d 1091.

24. Notice of appeal prior to filing of journal entry may qualify as premature notice under Rule 2.03. Carson v. Eberth, 3 Kan. App. 2d 183, 186, 592 P.2d 113.

25. Notice of appeal in workers' compensation case was timely filed. Carlman v. Shields Drilling Co., 3 Kan. App. 2d 282, 593 P.2d 1013.

26. Cited in holding a workmen's compensation appeal timely under K.S.A. 44-556. Hensley v. Carl Graham Glass, 226 Kan. 256, 258, 597 P.2d 641.

27. Statute does not apply in criminal cases. State v. Moses, 227 Kan. 400, 403, 607 P.2d 477.

28. Cited; time for appeals from judgment and orders in probate cases commences from date order is signed by judge and filed with clerk of court. In re Estate of Burns, 227 Kan. 573, 574, 575, 608 P.2d 942.

29. Cited in holding premature notice of appeal timely filed. State v. Bohannon, 3 Kan. App. 2d 448, 450, 596 P.2d 190.

30. Judgment under K.S.A. 60-254(b) may not later be reviewed as intermediate ruling on appeal of final judgment of entire case. Dennis v. Southeastern Kansas Gas Co., 227 Kan. 872, 877, 610 P.2d 627.

31. Validity of a final judgment is not affected by failure to serve the parties with a copy thereof. Daniels v. Chaffee, 5 Kan. App. 2d 552, 557, 620 P.2d 1177.

32. Time for postjudgment remedies runs from date parties are notified of judgment. Daniels v. Chaffee, 230 Kan. 32, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 48, 630 P.2d 1090 (1981).

33. In action by discharged teacher appeal was timely and trial court erred in dismissing because of plaintiff's failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Scott v. U.S.D. No. 377, 7 Kan. App. 2d 82, 84, 85, 638 P.2d 941 (1982).

34. Cited; garnishee may stay garnishment by posting supersedeas bond equal to its liability costs and interest. Cansler v. Harrington, 231 Kan. 66, 73, 643 P.2d 110 (1982).

35. Judgment effective when judgment entered; notice of appeal not timely filed. Smith v. Smith, 8 Kan. App. 2d 252, 655 P.2d 469 (1983).

36. Thirty-day period for filing appeal starts on date journal entry signed. Anderson v. United Cab Co., 8 Kan. App. 2d 694, 695, 666 P.2d 735 (1983).

37. Cited in interlocutory appeal discussing royalty interests of certain natural gas leases. Matzen v. Cities Service Oil Co., 233 Kan. 846, 848, 667 P.2d 337 (1983).

38. Cited by dissent on question of timely appeal from school board decision not to renew teacher contract. Atkinson v. U.S.D. No. 383, 9 Kan. App. 2d 175, 179, 675 P.2d 917 (1984).

39. Strictly construed; judgment effective only when journal entry or judgment form filed. State v. Dubish, 234 Kan. 708, 714, 675 P.2d 877 (1984).

40. While interest may accrue on judgment after journal entry on file, no interest accrues on payment in full by defendant partially responsible for total. McGuire v. Sifers, 235 Kan. 368, 381, 383, 681 P.2d 1025 (1984).

41. Thirty days for appealing runs when journal entry or judgment form denying new trial is filed. Neufeldt v. L. R. Foy Constr. Co., 236 Kan. 664, 666, 693 P.2d 1194 (1985).

42. Procedural provisions of chapter 60 relative to judgment, postjudgment motions and appeals applicable to workers' compensation appeals. Dieter v. Lawrence Paper Co., 237 Kan. 139, 143, 697 P.2d 1300 (1985).

43. Cited; journal entry barring bankruptcy trustee from contesting probate of will (K.S.A. 59-2224) is order (K.S.A. 59-2401) requiring timely appeal (K.S.A. 60-2103). In re Estate of Williams, 238 Kan. 651, 655, 656, 714 P.2d 948 (1986).

44. Cited; no jurisdiction to consider denial of Fund's motion to dismiss where order appealed from not final order. McArthur v. Glass King Mfg., Inc., 11 Kan. App. 2d 35, 36, 37, 711 P.2d 774 (1986).

45. Cited; Supreme Court rule 2.03 limited to where notice of appeal filed before final judgment entered pursuant hereto. Miller v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, 11 Kan. App. 2d 91, 94, 712 P.2d 1282 (1986).

46. Cited; sufficiency of journal entry to effect entry of final judgment under K.S.A. 60-254(b) examined. City of Salina v. Star B, Inc., 241 Kan. 692, 694, 739 P.2d 933 (1987).

47. Cited; appeal from denial of motion to intervene filed within 30 days of entry of judgment (K.S.A. 60-2103) examined. Robertson v. Ludwig, 12 Kan. App. 2d 571, 583, 752 P.2d 690 (1988).

48. Time for filing postjudgment motions or appeals begins on compliance herewith; time extended by K.S.A. 60-206(e) when entry of judgment mailed. Danes v. St. David's Episcopal Church, 242 Kan. 822, 827, 752 P.2d 653 (1988).

49. Notice of appeal timely when filed three days following filing of judgment form. Davis v. City of Leavenworth, 243 Kan. 522, 523, 759 P.2d 113 (1988).

50. Effect of delay entering journal entry from objections to proposed journal entry and subsequent motion for new trial examined. L.R. Foy Constr. Co. v. Professional Mechanical Contractors, 13 Kan. App. 2d 188, 193, 766 P.2d 196 (1988).

51. Divorce decree orally granted ineffective when followed by death of party before signed journal entry filed. In re Marriage of Wilson, 13 Kan. App. 2d 291, 768 P.2d 835 (1989).

52. Oral divorce decree ineffective where one party dies prior to journal entry being signed and filed. In re Marriage of Wilson, 245 Kan. 178, 180, 777 P.2d 773 (1989).

53. Ruling on allowance for attorney fees as unnecessary before filing timely notice of appeal determined. Snodgrass v. State Farm Mut. Auto, Ins. Co., 246 Kan. 371, 376, 789 P.2d 211 (1990).

54. Entry of judgment is time when journal entry filed rather than when order orally pronounced. State v. Marks, 14 Kan. App. 2d 594, 596, 796 P.2d 174 (1990).

55. Judgment liens as not sufficiently choate under Kansas law at time notice of federal tax lien filed to gain priority noted. Assured Inv. & Loan, Inc. v. U.S., 732 F. Supp. 94 (1990).

56. Not applicable to municipal court cases. City of Lenexa v. Higgins, 16 Kan. App. 2d 499, 500, 502, 825 P.2d 1152 (1992).

57. Defendant not required to join tortfeasor who caused subsequent accident which aggravated existing condition. Barkley v. Freeman, 16 Kan. App. 2d 575, 578, 583, 827 P.2d 774 (1992).

58. Effect of partial adjudication of claims examined where final judgment not entered pursuant to K.S.A. 60-254(b); school's obligation to student considered. Honeycutt v. City of Wichita, 251 Kan. 451, 458, 836 P.2d 1128 (1992).

59. What constitutes entry of the order in K.S.A. 22-3603 to commence the period for filing an interlocutory appeal examined. State v. Michel, 17 Kan. App. 2d 265, 267, 834 P.2d 1374 (1992).

60. Mailing entry of judgment extends time for filing postjudgment motions and appeal by three days. Marinhagen v. Boster, Inc. 17 Kan. App. 2d 532, 535, 840 P.2d 534 (1992).

61. In legal malpractice case involving bank director/counsel, defendant was entitled to compare negligence with other officers. F.D.I.C. v. Benjes, 815 F. Supp. 1415, 1419 (1993).

62. Cited in holding K.S.A. 60-259(f) applicable when motion for rehearing treated as motion to alter or amend. In re Marriage of Hansen, 18 Kan. App. 2d 712, 714, 858 P.2d 1240 (1993).

63. Whether plaintiff's state action failed for savings statute purposes when journal entry of dismissal filed examined. Matzke v. Merck and Co., Inc., 848 F. Supp. 936, 937 (1994).

64. Workers compensation time limits for appeals of workers compensation board decisions govern over civil procedure code (K.S.A. 60-2101 et seq.). Jones v. Continental Can Co., 260 Kan. 547, 554, 920 P.2d 939 (1996).

65. Discharging cross-claims for contribution and noncontractual indemnity for settling parties under K.S.A. 74-4904a is constitutional. KPERS v. Reimer and Assocs., Inc., 261 Kan. 17, 23, 31, 927 P.2d 466 (1996).

66. Time for filing post-judgment motion or appeal from final judgment entered without notice commences upon compliance herewith and S. Ct. Rule 134. McDonald v. Hannigan, 262 Kan. 156, 161, 936 P.2d 262 (1997).

67. Agency erred in relying on oral pronouncement district court lacked jurisdiction to hear appeal; issue remanded for hearing. Radke Oil Co. v. Kansas Dept. of Health & Environment, 23 Kan. App. 2d 774, 782, 936 P.2d 286 (1997).

68. Trial court holding that liability of medical provider was not reduced by patient's fault in acquiring injury upheld. Huffman v. Thomas, 26 Kan. App. 2d 685, 689, 994 P.2d 1072 (1999).

69. Where joint tortfeasors are liable under a theory of negligence, their fault must be compared; concept of joint and several liability does not apply. Wood v. Groh, 269 Kan. 420, 7 P.3d 1163 (2000).

70. Fault attributable to defendant is applied to award for nonpecuniary damages, not to maximum recovery under K.S.A. 60-1903. Adams v. Via Christi Reginal Med. Center, 270 Kan. 824, 19 P.3d 132 (2001).

71. Whether smoker was comparatively negligent in products liability action constituted question for jury. Burton v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 208 F. Supp. 2d 1187, 1198 (2002).

72. Supreme Court Rule 170, regarding preparation of journal entries, may not be used as an alternative to summary judgment proceedings. Lyndon State Bank v. Price, 33 Kan. App. 2d 629, 106 P.3d 511 (2005).

73. The three-day mailing rule of K.S.A. 60-206 extends 10-day period under K.S.A. 60-2102(c). Williams v. Lawton, 288 Kan. 768, 207 P.3d 1027 (2009).

74. It is error to allow interest on unliquidated damages for the time between its finding and rendition of judgment. McGinnes v. Wesley Medical Center, 43 Kan. App. 2d 227, 224 P.3d 581 (2010).

75. A certification of "no just reason for delay" may be made after summary judgment is granted to fewer than all parties or on fewer than all claims; the filing date of the district court order or journal entry memorializing that certification starts the 30-day appeal clock, and a timely notice of appeal endows the appellate court with jurisdiction to determine the merits. Ullery v. Othick, 304 Kan. 405, 414, 372 P.3d 1135 (2016).

76. In order for a tortfeasor to pursue a claim of contribution or comparative implied indemnity against a joint tortfeasor who was not sued by the plaintiff, the tortfeasor must join the joint tortfeasor as a third party and assert a timely claim against the joint tortfeasor. Watco Companies, Inc. v. Campbell, 52 Kan. App. 2d 602, 610-11, 371 P.3d 360 (2016).

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