Source or prior law:

21-401.

Revisor’s Note:

This section was amended twice in the 1990 session, see also 21-3401a.

Cross References to Related Sections:

Sentencing of persons convicted of capital murder, see 21-4622 et seq.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

“The Doctrine of Lesser Included Offenses in Kansas,” Kay Adam, Helen Packard Dupre, 15 W.L.J. 40, 44 (1976).

Survey of criminal law, Dan Walter and Dick Ring, 15 W.L.J. 341 (1976).

“Felony Murder in Kansas,” S. Jill Weinlood, 26 K.L.R. 145 (1977).

“Euthanasia: A Medical and Legal Overview,” Howard N. Ward, 49 J.B.A.K. 317, 324 (1980).

“Homicide: Felony-Murder Rule-A New Test in Kansas for Inherently Dangerous Collateral Felonies,” Jeffery R. Brewer, 20 W.L.J. 646, 647 (1981).

“Forensic Psychiatry: Less Typical Applications,” Roy B. Lacoursiere, M.D., 30 W.L.J. 29, 40 (1990).

“Review of the Proposed Kansas Sentencing Guidelines,” Geary N. Gorup, XIV J.K.T.L.A. No. 5, 15 (1991).

“The Kansas Hard-Forty Law,” The Honorable Tom Malone, 32 W.L.J. 147, 161 (1993).

“The Kansas Stalking Law: A ‘Credible Threat’ to Victims. A Critique of the Kansas Stalking Law and Proposed Legislation,” Callie Anderson Marks, 36 W.L.J. 468 (1997).

Survey of Recent Cases, 46 K.L.R. 895 (1998).

“Kansas Felony Murder,” Jennifer DeCook Hatchett, 48 K.L.R. 1047 (2000).

“Reduction in the Protection for Mentally Ill Criminal Defendants: Kansas Upholds the Replacement of the M’Naughten Approach With The Mens Rea Approach, Effectively Eliminating The Insanity Defense [State v. Bethel, 66 P.3d 840 (Kan. 2003)],” Jenny Williams, 44 W.L.J. 213 (2004).

“Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases,” 54 K.L.R. 895 (2006).

“It Can Happen in an Instant: Rethinking Pattern Instructions for Kansas on Premeditated Murder,” Saraliene S. Smith, 16 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y, No. 1, 1 (2006).

“Kansas Judicial Council Report: Assigned Studies in 2010,” Natalie F. Gibson, 79 J.K.B.A. No. 7, 12 (2010).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. A felony which directly results in or is integral element of homicide cannot be relied upon as ingredient of felony-murder rule. State v. Clark, 204 K. 38, 44, 460 P.2d 586.

2. Under facts of case, not error to exclude video tape recordings offered as evidence relating to defendant’s sanity. State v. Chase, 206 K. 352, 480 P.2d 62.

3. Conviction hereunder affirmed; search not objectionable; prior rapes admissible; lesser included crimes instruction not required. State v. Masqua, 210 K. 419, 502 P.2d 728.

4. Conviction hereunder affirmed; motion to change venue properly denied; admission of photographic evidence and nonexpert testimony proper. State v. Randol, 212 K. 461, 462, 513 P.2d 248.

5. Conviction hereunder upheld; juvenile court’s findings waiving jurisdiction must be appealed to district court; accomplice’s uncorroborated testimony may sustain guilty verdict. State v. Shepherd, 213 K. 498, 499, 516 P.2d 945.

6. Proof that homicide committed in perpetration of felony is tantamount to premeditation and deliberation otherwise necessary to constitute murder hereunder. State v. Osbey, 213 K. 564, 569, 517 P.2d 141.

7. Elements required to support felony murder conviction stated and applied; conviction upheld. State v. Reed, 214 K. 562, 564, 520 P.2d 1314.

8. Felony murder conviction; evidence sufficient; confession voluntary; photographs admissible. State v. Soverns, 215 K. 775, 529 P.2d 181.

9. Seller of heroin charged hereunder where death resulted from overdose; under facts felony murder rule not invoked. State v. Mauldin, 215 K. 956, 957, 529 P.2d 124.

10. Cited in holding subsection (1)(b) of 21-3503 unconstitutionally vague. State v. Conley, 216 K. 66, 69, 531 P.2d 36.

11. Prosecution for first degree murder and rape; verdict of second degree murder upheld. State v. Smith, 216 K. 265, 530 P.2d 1215.

12. Conviction hereunder reversed; failure to instruct jury on lesser offenses held reversible error. State v. Boyd, 216 K. 373, 532 P.2d 1064.

13. Conviction hereunder; evidence sufficient to establish elements of malice and premeditation. State v. Hamilton, 216 K. 559, 566, 534 P.2d 226.

14. Conviction under murder-felony rule; record examined; sufficiency of evidence supporting conviction under felony murder rule upheld. State v. Bey, 217 K. 251, 259, 535 P.2d 881.

15. Conviction hereunder; reduction in life sentence authorized when recommended by secretary of corrections. State v. Sargent, 217 K. 634, 538 P.2d 696.

16. Alleged errors examined after conviction hereunder and conviction upheld. State v. Arney, 218 K. 369, 544 P.2d 334.

17. Information charging first degree murder not defective because term “willfully” not used specifically. State v. Bright, 218 K. 476, 480, 543 P.2d 928.

18. Assignments of error considered; confession voluntary; conviction hereunder upheld. State v. Jones, 218 K. 720, 545 P.2d 323.

19. Conviction hereunder upheld; admission of evidence of prior crimes not reversible error. State v. Watkins, 219 K. 81, 83, 547 P.2d 810.

20. Conviction hereunder upheld; testimony and physical evidence properly allowed. State v. Steward, 219 K. 256, 257, 547 P.2d 773.

21. Defendant charged hereunder; conviction of second degree murder; record examined; no prejudicial error. State v. Bradford, 219 K. 336, 337, 340, 548 P.2d 812.

22. Record reviewed from convictions of murder, aggravated battery and rape; no error found. State v. King, 219 K. 508, 548 P.2d 803.

23. Conviction hereunder reviewed; no reversible error. State v. Wright, 219 K. 808, 814, 549 P.2d 958.

24. Conviction hereunder affirmed; no error in admission of photographs or in ordering consolidated trial. State v. Hensley, 219 K. 826, 549 P.2d 874.

25. Alleged trial errors reviewed on appeal from conviction hereunder; no error. State v. McClain, 220 K. 80, 551 P.2d 806.

26. Death did not abate appeal pending after conviction hereunder; conviction affirmed. State v. Jones, 220 K. 136, 551 P.2d 801.

27. Evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder. State v. Wilson, 220 K. 341, 552 P.2d 931.

28. Felony murder rule does not violate due process or cruel and unusual punishment provisions of U.S. Constitution; ownership of weapon not essential. State v. Goodseal, 220 K. 487, 488, 490, 491, 553 P.2d 279. Overruled by State v. Underwood, 228 K. 294, 615 P.2d 153.

29. Conviction of felony-murder upheld; possession of revolver by released felon; collateral felony. State v. Guebara, 220 K. 520, 522, 553 P.2d 296. Overruled as to collateral felony: State v. Underwood, 228 K. 294, 615 P.2d 153.

30. Conviction of juvenile hereunder while violating 21-3427 affirmed; confession met due process standards. State v. Young, 220 K. 541, 542, 552 P.2d 905.

31. Failure to instruct on lesser included offenses; conviction hereunder reversed. State v. Johnson, 220 K. 720, 556 P.2d 168.

32. Failure to grant mistrial under circumstances held harmless error; conviction affirmed. State v. Mims, 220 K. 726, 556 P.2d 387.

33. Mentioned; intent requirements of K.S.A. 1976 Supp. 21-3431 declared unconstitutional; impermissibly vague. State v. Kirby, 221 K. 1, 5, 563 P.2d 408.

34. Conviction of murder and aggravated robbery affirmed; confession properly admitted. State v. Kanive, 221 K. 34, 35, 558 P.2d 1075.

35. Instructions on firearms charge not clearly erroneous; conviction for felony murder and firearms possession affirmed. State v. Birch, 221 K. 122, 558 P.2d 119. Overruled as to collateral felony: State v. Underwood, 228 K. 294, 615 P.2d 153.

36. Conviction hereunder affirmed; evidence sufficient to support inference of premeditation. State v. Henson, 221 K. 635, 636, 562 P.2d 51.

37. Conviction of murder and aggravated robbery affirmed; admission of evidence upheld. State v. Villa ? Villa, 221 K. 653, 561 P.2d 428.

38. Referred to in reversing conviction of voluntary manslaughter; failure to instruct on lesser included offense. State v. Seelke, 221 K. 672, 675, 678, 561 P.2d 869.

39. No reversible error found in appeal from conviction hereunder. State v. Duncan, 221 K. 714, 562 P.2d 84.

40. Felony murder conviction reviewed; no reversible error. State v. Rueckert, 221 K. 727, 738, 561 P.2d 850.

41. Defendant charged hereunder convicted of second degree murder and aggravated battery; conviction affirmed. State v. Franklin, 221 K. 739, 561 P.2d 860.

42. Conviction hereunder upheld; cross-examination of witness by trial judge discussed. State v. Boyd, 222 K. 155, 563 P.2d 446.

43. Substantial competent evidence to support inference of premeditation; conviction upheld. State v. Mantz, 222 K. 453, 565 P.2d 612.

44. Record examined on appeal from conviction hereunder and under 21-3427; no error. State v. Porter, 223 K. 114, 574 P.2d 187.

45. Instructions using M’Naghten rule proper; conviction hereunder affirmed. State v. Smith, 223 K. 203, 574 P.2d 548.

46. No abuse of discretion or error in rulings by trial court; conviction affirmed. State v. Johnson, 223 K. 237, 573 P.2d 994.

47. Conviction upheld; instruction on “death” proper; 77-202 constitutional on grounds asserted. State v. Shaffer, 223 K. 244, 574 P.2d 205.

48. Alleged errors reviewed on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Sanders, 223 K. 273, 574 P.2d 559.

49. Aggravated battery not a lesser included offense of crime of attempted murder; conviction reversed. State v. Daniels, 223 K. 266, 271, 573 P.2d 607.

50. Underlying charge in felony murder prosecution was aggravated escape from custody; conviction reversed and remanded. State v. McCowan, 223 K. 329, 331, 332, 573 P.2d 1029.

51. Conviction hereunder and of other crimes affirmed; instructions proper; counts not duplicitous. State v. Branch and Bussey, 223 K. 381, 573 P.2d 1041.

52. No prejudicial error found in review of record from conviction hereunder; affirmed. State v. Martinez, 223 K. 536, 575 P.2d 30.

53. Record examined on appeal from conviction hereunder for aggravated robbery; no reversible error. State v. Bishop, 223 K. 539, 574 P.2d 1386.

54. Various contentions of defendant considered on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Jackson, 223 K. 554, 575 P.2d 536.

55. Hearsay statement allowed; evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder. State v. Berry, 223 K. 566, 568, 575 P.2d 543.

56. No error shown on appeal from conviction hereunder, requiring granting of new trial. State v. Buie, 223 K. 594, 595, 575 P.2d 555.

57. Conviction hereunder affirmed; subsection (2) of 22-2905 construed; provisions directory rather than mandatory. State v. Turner, 223 K. 707, 576 P.2d 644.

58. Conviction hereunder reversed; erroneous admission and exclusion of evidence. State v. Bradley, 223 K. 710, 576 P.2d 647.

59. Conviction of felony murder and aggravated kidnapping affirmed. State v. Duvaul, 223 K. 718, 576 P.2d 653.

60. Prosecution for felony murder; conviction of second degree murder affirmed; alleged errors reviewed. State v. Cates, 223 K. 724, 576 P.2d 657.

61. Alleged trial errors reviewed; conviction of first degree murder affirmed. State v. Nemechek, 223 K. 766, 576 P.2d 682.

62. Appeal from conviction of juvenile hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Cross, 223 K. 803, 576 P.2d 698.

63. Conviction hereunder reversed; charges dismissed as provided by 22-4401 IV (e). State v. Keener, 224 K. 100, 577 P.2d 1182.

64. Conviction hereunder affirmed; amended complaint proper; failure to give limiting instructions not clearly erroneous. State v. Bell, 224 K. 105, 577 P.2d 1186.

65. Conviction hereunder reversed; no limiting instruction as to co-defendant’s confession; lesser included offense instruction required. State v. Sullivan, 224 K. 110, 111, 578 P.2d 1108.

66. Conviction hereunder affirmed; hearsay evidence defined; photographs of decedent properly admitted. State v. Phipps, 224 K. 158, 578 P.2d 709.

67. Admission of evidence of a similar offense proving identity under 60-455 held proper; conviction affirmed. State v. Gourley, 224 K. 167, 578 P.2d 713.

68. Conviction hereunder reversed; admission of statement of codefendant without limiting not harmless error. State v. Edwards, 224 K. 266, 267, 579 P.2d 1209.

69. Conviction hereunder reversed; court erred in admitting double hearsay evidence; credibility evidence unduly restricted. State v. Baker, 224 K. 474, 580 P.2d 1345.

70. Felony murder conviction reversed; instructions prejudicial to defense. State v. Foy, 224 K. 558, 559, 582 P.2d 281.

71. Record of convictions on multiple charges of first degree murder examined; no reversible error, conviction affirmed. State v. McCorgary, 224 K. 677, 585 P.2d 1024.

72. Record examined on appeal from conviction hereunder and of other crimes; judgment affirmed. State v. Soles, 224 K. 698, 585 P.2d 1032.

73. No trial court errors found in review of record on appeal from convictions hereunder and of other crimes. State v. Warden, 224 K. 705, 585 P.2d 1038.

74. Alleged errors reviewed on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Higdon, 224 K. 720, 585 P.2d 1048.

75. Conviction under section affirmed and sentence approved. State v. Pencek, 224 K. 725, 585 P.2d 1052.

76. Order granting motion for acquittal after guilty verdict not appealable; appeal dismissed. State v. Crozier, 225 K. 120, 587 P.2d 331.

77. Defendant, a minor, convicted as an adult; testimony of witnesses based on personal knowledge of former juvenile crime committed held admissible. State v. Cox, 225 K. 143, 587 P.2d 890.

78. Review of conviction hereunder and of other crimes; no reversible error. State v. Sanders, 225 K. 147, 148, 587 P.2d 893.

79. Conviction hereunder upheld; alleged errors reviewed. State v. Stewart, 225 K. 410, 591 P.2d 166.

80. Conviction hereunder; right to assistance of counsel not denied by counsel suspended for failure to pay registration fee. Johnson v. State, 225 K. 458, 590 P.2d 1082.

81. Conviction hereunder affirmed; defendant voluntarily absent from in-chamber hearing; hiring of special prosecutor upheld; M’Naghten test for insanity, no error. State v. Sandstrom, 225 K. 717, 595 P.2d 324.

82. Conviction hereunder as an aider and abettor affirmed; element of intent inferred from circumstantial evidence; standard of appellate review; abuse of judicial discretion in sentencing. State v. Goering, 225 K. 755, 756, 594 P.2d 194.

83. Collateral felony, theft, found inherently and foreseeably dangerous, sufficient to support felony-murder rule and conviction hereunder. State v. Smith, 225 K. 796, 799, 594 P.2d 218.

84. Conviction hereunder; no error in refusal to instruct on lesser degrees of homicide; admission of color slides of decedent was not error. State v. Words, 226 K. 59, 596 P.2d 129.

85. Conviction hereunder for murder; no error in refusal of trial court to instruct on robbery as underlying felony. State v. Giddings, 226 K. 110, 595 P.2d 1115.

86. Cited in upholding conviction for first degree felony murder and aggravated burglary; merger doctrine not applicable in this case; criminal trespass not a lesser offense of burglary. State v. Rupe, 226 K. 474, 475, 601 P.2d 675.

87. Mentioned; a defendant is deprived of his rights of confrontation where an extrajudicial statement of a nontestifying codefendant inculpating the defendant is admitted; judgment reversed. State v. Rodriquez, 226 K. 558, 601 P.2d 686.

88. Premeditated and felony murder constitutes single crime; felony murder charge may be amended to change underlying felony or include premeditated murder; no former jeopardy. State v. McCowan, 226 K. 752, 759, 763, 764, 602 P.2d 1363.

89. Conviction hereunder upheld; no error in admission into evidence of expert testimony on bite-mark identification. State v. Peoples, 227 K. 127, 605 P.2d 135.

90. Trial court did not err in allowing deposition of an absent witness to be read to the jury; conviction affirmed. State v. Hernandez, 227 K. 322, 607 P.2d 452.

91. Sufficient evidence to convict for aggravated kidnapping and felony murder; new trial ordered; prejudicial failure to comply with discovery order. State v. Phillips, 227 K. 370, 607 P.2d 56.

92. Conviction affirmed; multiple hearsay and juror misconduct errors alleged. State v. Baker, 227 K. 377, 607 P.2d 61.

93. Amendment of information to include charge of felony murder upheld. State v. Foy, 227 K. 405, 607 P.2d 481.

94. Appeal from conviction hereunder; affirmed. State v. Wilson, 227 K. 619, 608 P.2d 1344.

95. Appeal from order waiving juvenile jurisdiction over juvenile charged hereunder. In re Edwards, 227 K. 723, 608 P.2d 1006.

96. Defendant can be tried and convicted of second degree murder upon proof of facts which would substantiate first degree murder verdict. State v. Carpenter, 228 K. 115, 121, 612 P.2d 163.

97. Whether defendant used firearm in commission of crime is matter to be determined by trial court at sentencing. State v. Ramsey, 228 K. 127, 612 P.2d 603.

98. When murder is committed during commission of felony, rule requiring instructions on lesser included offenses not applicable. State v. Purdy, 228 K. 264, 615 P.2d 131.

99. Whether collateral felony is inherently dangerous to justify felony murder charge, elements thereof should be viewed in abstract and circumstances of commission of felony should not be considered. State v. Underwood, 228 K. 294, 295, 306, 615 P.2d 153.

100. Fact that accused previously retained counsel does not make inadmissible voluntary statement made by defendant in counsel’s absence. State v. Costa, 228 K. 308, 309, 613 P.2d 1359.

101. Trial court’s instructions not clearly erroneous; conviction of felony murder affirmed. State v. Hearron, 228 K. 693, 694, 619 P.2d 812.

102. Evidence of underlying felony of aggravated burglary strong and conclusive; no error in failure to give lesser included instructions based upon alleged intoxication. State v. Case, 228 K. 733, 620 P.2d 821.

103. Expert scientific opinion must be generally accepted as reliable before received in evidence; court did not err in allowing assistant district attorney to testify. State v. Washington, 229 K. 47, 622 P.2d 986.

104. Disclosure of identity if informant lies within sound discretion of the court; defendant must show that informant has information that is material and relevant. State v. Cohen, 229, K. 65, 622 P.2d 1002.

105. Trial court did not commit reversible error in failing to give cautionary instruction as to testimony of an accomplice; conviction affirmed. State v. Moore 229 K. 73, 74, 622 P.2d 631.

106. Disclosure of an informer’s identity lies within the sound discretion of the trial court; conviction affirmed. State v. Minor, 229 K. 86, 622 P.2d 998.

107. There was sufficient evidence that defendant used a firearm in perpetrating the crime; conviction affirmed. State v. Payton, 229 K. 106, 622 P.2d 651.

108. Probable cause for issuance of search warrants discussed; evidence insufficient to support verdicts of guilty of felony murder and aggravated burglary. State v. Williams, 229 K. 290, 623 P.2d 1334.

109. Joinder, severance, confessions, lesser included offenses, ordinary standards of medical practice, prosecutorial comments, change of venue all discussed in upholding conviction. State v. Shaffer, 229 K. 310, 311, 624 P.2d 440.

110. Admissibility of other crimes discussed; must be a substantial issue under the evidence. State v. Foster, 229 K. 362, 623 P.2d 1360.

111. “Multiplicity” defined; single offense may not be divided into separate parts. State v. Garnes, 229 K. 368, 624 P.2d 448.

112. A killing during flight from aggravated robbery may constitute felony murder if part of res gestae. State v. Rider, Edens & Lemons, 229 K. 394, 395, 625 P.2d 425.

113. Where defendant pushed plunger on needle in deceased’s arm and pulled gun trigger ultimately resulting in death, defendant properly convicted of first degree murder. State v. Cobb, 229 K. 522, 625 P.2d 1133.

114. Defense not surprised by appearance of state’s missing witness; two days before trial witness available for interview. State v. Jordan, 229 K. 558, 559, 629 P.2d 1172 (1981).

115. M’Naghten rule adhered to. State v. Rouse, 229 K. 600, 629 P.2d 167 (1981).

116. Trial court did not err in instructions to jury on felony murder and refusing to give instructions on other types of homicides. State v. Crease, 230 K. 541, 543, 638 P.2d 939 (1982).

117. Filing notice of intent to rely on insanity defense held waiver of requirements of speedy trial under 22-3402. State v. Topham, 231 K. 167, 168, 169, 170, 642 P.2d 986 (1982).

118. Conviction upheld. State v. Churchill, 231 K. 408, 646 P.2d 1049 (1982).

119. Habeas corpus relief denied; nolo contendere plea not valid as result of defendants being uninformed as to potential parole eligibility. Hicks v. Oliver, 523 F.Supp. 64, 66 (1981).

120. Trial court erred in overruling motion for a new trial; comments by codefendant’s counsel on defendant’s failure to testify. State v. Gowler, 7 K.A.2d 485, 644 P.2d 473 (1982).

121. Delay in ruling on pretrial motions and not providing addresses of witnesses to defendant’s attorney not reversible error. State v. Norman, 232 K. 102, 103, 652 P.2d 683 (1982).

122. No error in refusal to permit questioning of witness for purpose of having witness assert fifth amendment privilege in jury’s presence. State v. Crumm, 232 K. 254, 654 P.2d 417 (1982).

123. Statute not overly broad or vague and does not violate fifth and sixth amendments. State v. Crump, 232 K. 265, 266, 268, 269, 654 P.2d 922 (1982).

124. To invoke felony murder rule, homicide must be committed during perpetration of a felony inherently dangerous to human life. State v. Lashley, 233 K. 620, 631, 664 P.2d 1358 (1983).

125. Premeditation and deliberation may be inferred from circumstances of case but inference must be reasonable. State v. Hill, 233 K. 648, 649, 652, 664 P.2d 840 (1983).

126. Cited in considering defendant’s standing to challenge legality of search and seizure. State v. Worrell, 233 K. 968, 969, 971, 666 P.2d 703 (1983).

127. Cited in holding 60-407 and 60-417 do not prohibit witness from testifying simply because of age. State v. Thrasher, 233 K. 1016, 1017, 666 P.2d 722 (1983).

128. Cited in holding conspiracy and aiding and abetting separate and distinct offenses. State v. Hobson, 234 K. 133, 134, 671 P.2d 1365 (1983).

129. Cited in holding murder of ex-wife underlying felony to support first-degree murder of another. State v. Knapp, 234 K. 170, 171, 671 P.2d 520 (1983).

130. Prior crime for purposes of proving identity need only be similar, not identical. State v. Williams, 234 K. 233, 234, 670 P.2d 1348 (1983).

131. New trial granted where instruction gave jury no option but to convict defendant if codefendant found guilty. State v. Haislip, 234 K. 329, 338, 673 P.2d 1094 (1983).

132. Appellate review of conviction on circumstantial evidence viewed in light most favorable to prosecution. State v. Taylor, 234 K. 401, 409, 673 P.2d 1140 (1983).

133. Trial court must have opportunity to rule on question of ineffective counsel before presented on appeal. State v. Chamberlain, 234 K. 422, 425, 672 P.2d 604 (1983).

134. Trial court has discretion to grant separate trials; should be granted when necessary to avoid prejudice and ensure fair trials. State v. Martin, 234 K. 548, 549, 673 P.2d 104 (1983).

135. Questions of separate trials, use of interpreters and aiding and abetting discussed in detail. State v. Pham, 234 K. 649, 675 P.2d 848 (1984).

136. Objections to voluntary consent to search, use of photographs of victim, reliability of blood enzyme classification and impeachment and cross-examination properly overruled. State v. Pearson, 234 K. 906, 678 P.2d 605 (1984).

137. Evidence sufficient to support conviction; identity instruction unnecessary where identity not issue; lay testimony on mental capacity proper. State v. Brown, 234 K. 969, 972, 676 P.2d 757 (1984).

138. Testimony under 60-456 (opinion evidence) and 60-445 (probative value) by attorney for state’s witness discussed. State v. Richard, 235 K. 355, 356, 681 P.2d 612 (1984).

139. Conviction hereunder; limitation on cross examination of witness and admissibility of extrajudicial statements of defendant; psychiatric examination in insanity defense. State v. Brown, 235 K. 688, 690, 681 P.2d 1071 (1984).

140. Conviction hereunder; proceedings involving consolidation of criminal cases, evidence of prior convictions and defense of insanity. State v. Boan, 235 K. 800, 801, 686 P.2d 160 (1984).

141. Where single overt act occurred, convictions hereunder and of aggravated battery (21-3414) multiplicitous; jury instructions; correction of void sentence. State v. Turbeville, 235 K. 993, 995, 686 P.2d 138 (1984).

142. Where presumption of sanity rebutted, sanity then becomes question for jury. State v. Baker, 236 K. 132, 133, 689 P.2d 803 (1984).

143. Neither premeditated murder instruction nor lesser included offenses instructions required in felony murder charge; exception when underlying felony questionable; fingerprints and photographic evidence considered. State v. Murdock, 236 K. 146, 154, 689 P.2d 814 (1984).

144. Refusal to commit pursuant to 22-3430 not reviewable; sentence imposed under 21-4608 met criteria of 21-4606. State v. Adkins, 236 K. 259, 689 P.2d 880 (1984).

145. Violation of 21-3826 (possession of contraband in prison) not inherently dangerous; will not support felony murder charge. State v. Brantley, 236 K. 379, 380, 383, 691 P.2d 26 (1984).

146. New trial denied where newly discovered evidence (22-3501) consisted of known witnesses and testimony defendant failed to use. State v. Littlejohn, 236 K. 497, 500, 503, 694 P.2d 403 (1985).

147. Conviction hereunder; effective assistance of counsel considered. Chamberlain v. State, 236 K. 650, 651, 656, 694 P.2d 468 (1985).

148. Conviction hereunder; sentencing under 21-4618; identity of confidential informant; sufficiency of evidence considered. State v. Pink, 236 K. 715, 730, 696 P.2d 358 (1985).

149. Principles establishing provocation to support instruction on voluntary manslaughter reviewed; innate peculiarities of defendant not considered. State v. Guebara, 236 K. 791, 799, 696 P.2d 381 (1985).

150. Charge of child abuse does not meet test for merger into charge of felony first-degree murder. State v. Brown, 236 K. 800, 803, 696 P.2d 954 (1985).

151. Conviction hereunder; admission of evidence forming part of res gestae considered. State v. Peterson, 236 K. 821, 826, 696 P.2d 387 (1985).

152. Copies of attested Kansas court records and authenticated foreign court records constitute competent evidence of prior felony convictions for sentence enhancement. State v. Baker, 237 K. 54, 55, 697 P.2d 1267 (1985).

153. Accused need not be prosecuted or convicted of underlying felony for conviction of felony murder. State v. Wise, 237 K. 117, 121, 122, 123, 697 P.2d 1295 (1985).

154. Defense’ continuance, language of information (22-3201), sufficiency of evidence and hearsay testimony on intent of deceased (60-460(d)(3)) discussed. State v. Garner, 237 K. 227, 699 P.2d 468 (1985).

155. Question reserved; refusal to admit defendant’s inconsistent statements without results of polygraph tests constitutes error. State v. Martin, 237 K. 285, 699 P.2d 486 (1985).

156. Accomplice testimony on prior crimes, criteria (60-455); testimony of unavailable witness, question on incentive (60-460(d)(3)). State v. Sanford, 237 K. 312, 699 P.2d 506 (1985).

157. Felony murder instruction, death during flight from crime-res gestae; voluntary intoxication instruction; unintentional sequestration order violation. State v. Johns, 237 K. 402, 699 P.2d 538 (1985).

158. Replacement of juror; testimony of previously hypnotized witnesses; expert witness and investigative funds for defendant; “unavailable” witness; change of venue considered. State v. Haislip, 237 K. 461, 463, 701 P.2d 909 (1985).

159. Noted; separate trials, past alcohol/drug abuse records, post-Miranda statement, antagonism between counsel and voluntary intoxication discussed. State v. Falke, 237 K. 668, 683, 703 P.2d 1362 (1985).

160. Instructions on lesser included offenses; use of photographic slides, alleged weapon, hearsay testimony, corpus delicti, premeditation discussed. State v. Yarrington, 238 K. 141, 708 P.2d 524 (1985).

161. Confessions, prosecutorial misconduct, comments on Fifth Amendment privilege discussed. State v. Pursley, 238 K. 253, 710 P.2d 1231 (1985).

162. Insanity issue, diminished capacity, medical and nonexpert testimony examined. State v. Jackson, 238 K. 793, 714 P.2d 1368 (1986).

163. Disparity of sentences between codefendants discussed. State v. Johnson, 239 K. 124, 716 P.2d 192 (1986).

164. History discussed; burglary (21-3715) held to be inherently dangerous to human life and supports felony murder rule. Smith v. State, 8 K.A.2d 684, 685, 666 P.2d 730 (1983).

165. Warrantless arrest, confession, prosecutorial misconduct, expert testimony, lesser included offenses, excessive sentencing examined. State v. Strauch, 239 K. 203, 718 P.2d 613 (1986).

166. Use of out-state police records, record of out-state conviction, photographic evidence examined. State v. Bell, 239 K. 229, 718 P.2d 628 (1986).

167. Differences between 22-3504 and 60-1507 examined; participant in felony murder cannot be aider and abettor. State v. Thomas, 239 K. 457, 462, 720 P.2d 1059 (1986).

168. Effective assistance of counsel, admission of “body pack” tape recording, “plain view” exception to Fourth Amendment examined. State v. Walker, 239 K. 635, 722 P.2d 556 (1986).

169. Amendments to complaint, alleged prosecutorial misconduct, jury instructions examined. State v. Barncord, 240 K. 35, 36, 726 P.2d 1322 (1986).

170. Evidence required to establish aggravated arson (21-3718, 21-3719), what constitutes interest in another person examined. State v. Houck, 240 K. 130, 131, 727 P.2d 460 (1986).

171. Testimony on incarceration, rebuttal regarding sanity, venue change, hair samples and confession in evidence, jury instructions examined. State v. Alexander, 240 K. 273, 729 P.2d 1126 (1986).

172. Sufficiency of indictment, newly discovered evidence, venue change, jury instructions examined. State v. Bird, 240 K. 288, 729 P.2d 1136 (1986).

173. Voluntary statements of accused, use of gruesome photographs, alleged prejudicial testimony and news headlines, prosecutorial conduct examined. State v. Hollis, 240 K. 521, 731 P.2d 260 (1987).

174. Cited; information omitting one or more essential elements of crime charged examined. State v. Wilson, 240 K. 606, 607, 731 P.2d 306 (1987).

175. Cited; compulsion (21-3209) as defense to felony murder when it is defense to underlying felony examined. State v. Hunter, 241 K. 629, 640, 740 P.2d 559 (1987).

176. Multiplicity of crimes, defendant’s inquisition statements, absent witness’ statements, instructions on consciousness of guilt examined. State v. Cathey, 241 K. 715, 716, 741 P.2d 738 (1987).

177. Defendant as co-counsel, admission of hearsay statements, unlawful firearm possession, underlying felony, venue and jurisdiction examined. State v. Martin, 241 K. 732, 733, 740 P.2d 577 (1987).

178. Instructions on voluntary intoxication (21-3208), lesser included offenses (21-3107) examined. State v. Shehan, 242 K. 127, 128, 744 P.2d 824 (1987).

179. Unconsciousness induced by seizure, instruction on unconsciousness and lesser included offenses, violation of order in limine examined. State v. Massey, 242 K. 252, 747 P.2d 802 (1987).

180. Cited; viable fetus as not a “human being” within meaning of aggravated vehicular homicide statute (21-3405a) determined. State v. Trudell, 243 K. 29, 32, 755 P.2d 511 (1988).

181. Statute does not exclude killing of co-felon from its application. State v. Hoang, 243 K. 40., 46, 755 P.2d 7 (1988).

182. Conviction affirmed; evidence of victim’s physical condition, instruction on premeditation examined. State v. Patterson, 243 K. 262, 268, 755 P.2d 551 (1988).

183. Conviction affirmed; witness privilege against self-incrimination, length of jury deliberation, failure to object to potential juror prejudice examined. State v. Longobardi, 243 K. 404, 756 P.2d 1098 (1988).

184. Conviction affirmed; funds for psychiatric examination, change of venue, defense of compulsion, sequestration of witnesses, due process, double jeopardy examined. State v. Dunn, 243 K. 414, 432, 758 P.2d 718 (1988).

185. Doctrine of merger applied; convictions of felony murder and child abuse (21-3609) reversed. State v. Lucas, 243 K. 462, 463, 759 P.2d 90 (1988).

186. Conviction affirmed; instructions on lesser included offenses, res gestae participants in underlying felony, self-defense, improper closing argument examined. State v. Chism, 243 K. 484, 759 P.2d 105 (1988).

187. Cited; self-defense instruction by battered wife absent showing of imminent danger examined. State v. Stewart, 243 K. 639, 640, 763 P.2d 572 (1988).

188. Conviction reversed; sufficiency of information, two or more independent grounds, aiding and abetting, in-custody statement where English secondary language examined. State v. Garcia, 243 K. 662, 663, 763 P.2d 585 (1988).

189. Conviction reversed; prosecutorial withholding of exculpatory evidence late endorsement of witnesses, comment on defendant’s failure to testify examined. State v. Beebe, 244 K. 48, 49, 766 P.2d 158 (1988).

190. Burden of proof and credibility of newly discovered evidence for purposes of new trial examined. State v. Bird, 244 K. 248, 768 P.2d 284 (1989).

191. Gruesome photographs; rebuttal evidence; inapplicability of felony murder doctrine with child abuse resulting in death examined. State v. Prouse, 244 K. 292, 293, 767 P.2d 1308 (1989).

192. Elements of crime as necessary to be alleged in complaint examined. State v. Browning, 245 K. 26, 27, 774 P.2d 935 (1989).

193. Confinement on unrelated charges as subterfuge to avoid 22-3402, change of venue, prosecutor as witness, judge’s disqualification examined. State v. Goss, 245 K. 189, 190, 777 P.2d 781 (1989)

194. Exculpatory evidence, prior crime evidence, multiplicitous charges, sufficiency of evidence, eyewitness identification instruction, sentence enhancement examined. State v. Smith, 245 K. 381, 383, 781 P.2d 666 (1989).

195. Construing “viable fetus” to be within term “human being” exceeds judicial power and denies due process; legislative function to impose criminal liability. State v. Green, 245 K. 398, 399, 401, 781 P.2d 678 (1989).

196. Right to Miranda warning and counsel during custodial interrogation, right against self-incrimination, parole status evidence, murder statute examined. State v. Hartfield, 245 K. 431, 432, 781 P.2d 1050 (1989).

197. Manifest necessity in declaring mistrial; second trial as not constituting double jeopardy examined. In re Habeas Corpus Petition of Hoang, 245 K. 560, 781 P.2d 731 (1989).

198. Compelling recalcitrant witness to testify, conviction of both underlying felony and felony murder examined. State v. Gonzales, 245 K. 691, 783 P.2d 1239 (1989).

199. Voluntariness of statements, validity of statements after counsel appointed, harmless error in admitting examined. State v. White, 246 K. 28, 29, 785 P.2d 950 (1990).

200. Delays in holding trial caused by defendant’s motion for competency hearing, basis of search warrant examined. State v. Prewett, 246 K. 39, 40, 785 P.2d 956 (1990).

201. Additional charge after preliminary hearing, double jeopardy, judicial voir dire improprieties, insanity and diminished capacity instructions, trial misconduct, sentences examined. State v. Pioletti, 246 K. 49, 50, 785 P.2d 963 (1990).

202. Facts indicating investigatory interrogation rather than custodial interrogation requiring Miranda warning examined. State v. Jones, 246 K. 214, 787 P.2d 726 (1990).

203. Child abuse resulting in death as merging with killing to constitute single offense examined. State v. Colwell, 246 K. 382, 383, 790 P.2d 430 (1990).

204. Reversal of felony murder conviction where child abuse underlying felony does not bar retrial on second-degree murder charge. In re Habeas Corpus Petition of Lucas, 246 K. 486, 487, 789 P.2d 1157 (1990).

205. Change in statute (21-4606a) expanding presumptive sentences as substantive in nature and applicable prospectively determined. State v. Sylva, 14 K.A.2d 609, 611, 795 P.2d 947 (1990); affirmed 248 K. 118, 804 P.2d 967 (1991).

206. Postarrest/Miranda silence, other crimes evidence, inquiry why prior complaining witnesses failed to pursue retrials examined. State v. Searles, 246 K. 567, 793 P.2d 724 (1990).

207. Physical evidence, instruction on involuntary manslaughter, voice identification, continuances, redacted statements examined. State v. Burnison, 247 K. 19, 20, 795 P.2d 32 (1990).

208. Cross-examination regarding prearrest and pre-Miranda statements, exclusion of black venire members in trial of white defendant examined. State v. Massey, 247 K. 79, 80, 795 P.2d 344 (1990).

209. Stop and search under 22-2402, instructions on lesser offenses, double jeopardy in felony murder trial, extent of immunity examined. State v. Bailey, 247 K. 330, 799 P.2d 977 (1990).

210. Validity of unverified complaint, statements to law officers, prosecutorial comments in closing argument, admitting autopsy photograph examined. State v. Graham, 247 K. 388, 799 P.2d 1003 (1990).

211. When instruction on lesser included offense necessary, voluntary intoxication as defense examined. State v. Gadelkarim, 247 K. 505, 802 P.2d 507 (1990).

212. Sufficiency of underlying felony in felony murder trial, content of information examined. State v. Davis, 247 K. 566, 567, 802 P.2d 541 (1990).

213. Determination whether interrogation custodial, ambiguous statement as to assertion of Miranda rights, voluntariness of confession examined. State v. Fritschen, 247 K. 592, 802 P.2d 558 (1990).

214. Sale of crack cocaine insufficient to support felony murder conviction; retrial for premeditated murder permitted. State v. Wesson, 247 K. 639, 647, 648, 802 P.2d 574 (1990).

215. Waiver of counsel before knowledge of charge, possibility of crime committed by another, ex parte material witness bond hearing, instructions on lesser offenses and premeditation examined. State v. Hamons, 248 K. 51, 52, 805 P.2d 6 (1991).

216. Rules for changing venue, definition of “brought to trial”, time period to satisfy speedy trial requirement examined. State v. Bierman, 248 K. 80, 805 P.2d 25 (1991).

217. Trial court’s consideration of events occurring after crime for which defendant being sentenced examined. State v. Hannah, 248 K. 141, 804 P.2d 990 (1991).

218. Right to speedy trial, peremptory challenges to strike blacks from panel, DNA profiling evidence examined. Smith v. Deppish, 248 K. 217, 218, 807 P.2d 144 (1991).

219. Alleged amnesia and competency to stand trial examined. State v. Owens, 248 K. 273, 274, 807 P.2d 101 (1991).

220. Exception to general rules on lesser included offenses in felony murder cases noted; prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument examined. State v. Hobbs, 248 K. 342, 343, 807 P.2d 120 (1991).

221. Warrantless arrest, probable cause for search warrant, jury selection and instructions, gruesome photographs, hearsay testimony, sentence enhancement examined. State v. Mayberry, 248 K. 369, 372, 807 P.2d 86 (1991).

222. Attempted aggravated criminal sodomy as underlying felony, “in custody” for Miranda purposes, voluntariness of confession, right to counsel, competency and sanity examined. State v. William, 248 K. 389, 399, 807 P.2d 1292 (1991).

223. Elements constituting underlying felony must be so distinct from homicide as not to be ingredient of homicide. State v. Leonard, 248 K. 427, 430, 807 P.2d 81 (1991).

224. Court’s denial of defendant’s motion to withdraw plea of nolo contendere examined. State v. Reed, 248 K. 506, 809 P.2d 553 (1991).

225. Self-defense instruction in murder trial of inmate/defendants, limiting testimony concerning prior self-defense killing examined. State v. Wiggins, 248 K. 526, 808 P.2d 1383 (1991).

226. When jury instructions on lesser included offenses required in child abuse murder trial examined; constitutionality of statute proscribing child abuse (21-3609) upheld. State v. Hupp, 248 K. 644, 645, 809 P.2d 1207 (1991).

227. Prosecuting attorney’s failure to immediately report possible juror misconduct to judge and defense counsel as reversible error examined. State v. Cady, 248 K. 743, 744, 811 P.2d 1143 (1991).

228. Lack of requirement for instruction on lesser included offense noted where from evidence jury could not reasonably convict. State v. Perkins, 248 K. 760, 772, 811 P.2d 1142 (1991).

229. Evidence required for instructions on lesser degrees of homicide and aggravated battery as lesser offense of attempted first-degree murder examined. State v. Dixon, 248 K. 776, 778, 781, 811 P.2d 1153 (1991).

230. Cited in opinion holding that possession of controlled substance (65-4127b) is distinct from possession without affixing stamps (79-5208). State v. Berberich, 248 K. 854, 861, 811 P.2d 1192 (1991).

231. Nonconfrontational videotaped lineup, preemptory challenge of member of defendant’s race, prosecutorial comment regarding defendant’s lack of alibi witnesses examined. State v. Milo, 249 K. 15, 16, 815 P.2d 519 (1991).

232. Jury panel selection, complaining witness counsel, closing argument misconduct, insanity defense, press access to affidavits supporting probable cause examined. State v. Baker, 249 K. 431, 433, 819 P.2d 1173 (1991).

233. Jury selection and composition; ineffective counsel; fourth amendment rights; probative value of evidence; insanity evaluation and instruction; speedy trial; pretrial publicity; TV coverage; venue; sentences examined. State v. Ji, 251 K. 3, 832 P.2d 1176 (1992).

234. Failure to suppress defendant statements, trial judge remarks to jury, evidence unavailable to defendant, requested instructions examined. State v. Nguyen, 251 K. 69, 71, 833 P.2d 937 (1992).

235. Sufficiency of evidence, instructions on lesser included offenses, use of photographic identification evidence. State v. Evans, 251 K. 132, 133, 834 P.2d 335 (1992).

236. Instructions on alternate lesser offenses, impossibility and terroristic threats examined; attempted murder evidence, sentence imposed examined. State v. DeHerrera, 251 K. 143, 144, 834 P.2d 918 (1992).

237. Jury selection by voter registration lists, lesser offense instructions, gang membership evidence, intent to seek “hard 40,” use of trial jury in sentencing, aggravating and mitigating circumstances. State v. Bailey, 251 K. 156, 158, 834 P.2d 342 (1992).

238. Imposition of statutory minimum sentence as not subject to abuse of discretion allegation; restitution order examined. State v. Beechum, 251 K. 194, 195, 202, 833 P.2d 988 (1992).

239. Pre-arrest interview statements, race-based juror exclusion, search and seizure, jury instruction on aiding and abetting, order of restitution examined. State v. Clemons, 251 K. 473, 474, 836 P.2d 1147 (1992).

240. Second trial judge’s obligation to consider sentence imposed on codefendant when sentencing defendant to longer term examined. State v. Bailey, 251 K. 527, 834 P.2d 1353 (1992).

241. Failure to request instructions on lesser offense, diminished capacity; court’s failure to inform jury on parole eligibility likelihood examined. State v. Perez, 251 K. 736, 737, 840 P.2d 1118 (1992).

242. Evidence supporting determination to try juvenile as adult (38-1636) upheld; admission of confession, evidence of gang membership examined. State v. Hooks, 251 K. 755, 840 P.2d 483 (1992).

243. Conviction reversed where instruction on aggravated burglary failed to state specific underlying felony or felonies and their elements. State v. Linn, 251 K. 797, 798, 802, 840 P.2d 1133 (1992).

244. Corpus delicti (victims never found), jurisdiction, venue, pretrial publicity, seizure of vehicle and warranted search, warrantless apartment search, out-of-state interrogation, court’s comments examined. State v. Grissom, 251 K. 851, 857, 840 P.2d 1142 (1992).

245. Merger of underlying felony, exclusion of expert testimony, withholding impeachment evidence, absence at in camera hearing, cross-examination rights examined. State v. Humphrey, 252 K. 6, 8, 845 P.2d 592 (1992).

246. When instruction on lesser included offenses of attempted first-degree murder appropriate examined. State v. Dixon, 252 K. 39, 40, 843 P.2d 172 (1992).

247. Cumulative trial errors and abuse of discretion when viewed in totality of circumstances as grounds for new trial examined. State v. Lumbrera, 252 K. 54, 56, 845 P.2d 609 (1992).

248. Allegations required in motion to withdraw guilty plea prior to sentencing, burden of showing abuse of discretion examined. State v. Larry, 252 K. 92, 843 P.2d 196 (1992).

249. Assistance of counsel examined regarding defendant’s right to testify and guarantee against self-incrimination. Taylor v. State, 252 K. 98, 99, 843 P.2d 682 (1992).

250. Instructions on lesser offenses, deceased law officer’s reputation for excessive force, imposition of mandatory 40-year term examined. State v. Deavers, 252 K. 149, 151, 843 P.2d 695 (1992).

251. Jury selection, confession, gang membership, rape shield statute, photographic exhibits, trial misconduct, instructions, peremptory challenge, “Hard 40” statute, examined. State v. Walker, 252 K. 279, 281, 845 P.2d 1 (1993).

252. Failure to instruct on lesser offenses of first-degree murder, failure to suppress confession examined. State v. McBroom, 252 K. 376, 377, 845 P.2d 654 (1993).

253. Conviction hereunder affirmed; no judicial misconduct or abuse of discretion by trial court. State v. Thomas, 252 K. 564, 565, 575, 847 P.2d 1219 (1993).

254. Jury completion of separate verdict forms for charges of felony murder and premeditated murder negated defendant’s contention that hard 40 sentence should be vacated. State v. Kingsley, 252 K. 761, 762, 784, 851 P.2d 370 (1993).

255. Conviction affirmed; ex parte conversation between judge and ill juror, substitution of alternate juror, intoxication of defendant instructions and burden of proof addressed. State v. Minski, 252 K. 806, 807, 850 P.2d 809 (1993).

256. Jury could reasonably infer deliberation and premeditation from factual circumstances presented. State v. Phillips, 252 K. 937, 938, 939, 850 P.2d 877 (1993).

257. Admission of testimony that defendant had on previous occasions physically abused victim examined. State v. Young, 253 K. 28, 852 P.2d 510 (1993).

258. Expert testimony improper that allows jury to infer guilt because “Behavioral Triggers” of child abuse present. State v. Cheeks, 253 K. 93, 103, 853 P.2d 655 (1993).

259. When defendant may be sentenced in absentia, waiver of right to be present examined. State v. Braun, 253 K. 141, 853 P.2d 686 (1993).

260. A ruse entry to search defendant’s home, warrantless arrest, search following arrest, and convictions as multiplicitous examined. State v. Johnson, 253 K. 356, 856 P.2d 134 (1993).

261. Application of 21-4601 and 21-4606 to sentencing rather than modification noted; when provisions of 21-4603(4) applicable examined. State v. Mareska, 253 K. 431, 855 P.2d 954 (1993).

262. Indigent criminal defendant’s right to counsel, charging two or more crimes in same complaint, hard 40 sentence enhancement examined. State v. Cromwell, 253 K. 495, 496, 856 P.2d 1299 (1993).

263. Whether notice to seek hard-40 for defendant charged with felony murder is defective notice vacating sentence examined. State v. Richardson, 256 K. 69, 73, 883 P.2d 1107 (1994).

264. Crime of attempted felony-murder not recognized in state; felony-murder requires actual homicide. State v. Robinson, 256 K. 133, 135, 883 P.2d 764 (1994).

265. Whether attempted first-degree murder is an article 34 crime subject to application of firearms statute examined. State v. Gibbons, 256 K. 951, 965, 889 P.2d 772 (1995).

266. Attempted murder based on transferred intent theory does not merge with homicide for felony-murder purposes. State v. Jones, 257 K. 856, 863, 896 P.2d 1077 (1995).

267. Evidence sufficient to convict defendant of first-degree murder. State v. Smith, 258 K. 321, 327, 904 P.2d 999 (1995).

268. Trial court’s failure to instruct jury on second-degree murder as a lesser included offense of first-degree murder held reversible error. State v. Sanders, 258 K. 409, 414, 904 P.2d 951 (1995).

269. Venue for murder proper in county where body of victim found. State v. Johnson, 258 K. 475, 485, 905 P.2d 94 (1995).

270. Special appellate review privileges do not apply to sentence of life imprisonment. State v. Hayes, 258 K. 629, 638, 908 P.2d 597 (1995).

271. Attempted murder resulting in death of unintended victim is independent collateral felony under felony-murder rule. State v. Gayden, 259 K. 69, 73, 75, 910 P.2d 826 (1996).

272. No error in denial of jury instruction on theft by possessing stolen property as a lesser included offense of felony murder. State v. Holt, 260 K. 33, 38, 917 P.2d 1332 (1996).

273. Amendment to felony-murder complaint to charge alternative theory of premeditated murder at close of state’s case upheld. State v. Matson, 260 K. 366, 369, 921 P.2d 790 (1996).

274. Evidence sufficient to show murder occurred in the commission of underlying felony subjecting defendant to felony-murder rule. State v. Kaesontae, 260 K. 386, 388, 920 P.2d 959 (1996).

275. Evidence sufficient for felony-murder conviction based on defendant’s felonious conduct causing victim’s heart attack. State v. Shaw, 260 K. 396, 401, 921 P.2d 779 (1996).

276. Evidence is sufficient to support conviction for first-degree murder. State v. High, 260 K. 480, 481, 922 P.2d 430 (1996).

277. Evidence presented by prosecution sufficient to establish factual basis for first-degree murder conviction. State v. Shears, 260 K. 823, 824, 830, 925 P.2d 1136 (1996).

278. Evidence sufficient to support inference of premeditation in first-degree murder conviction. State v. Pierce, 260 K. 859, 863, 871, 927 P.2d 929 (1996).

279. Requires proof of specific intent; specific intent distinguished from general intent. State v. Esher, 22 K.A.2d 779, 783, 922 P.2d 1123 (1996).

280. Evidence sufficient for murder conviction; no error in jury’s rejection of defendant’s self-defense theory. State v. Roberts, 261 K. 320, 321, 330, 931 P.2d 683 (1997).

281. Witness alleged lack of credibility did not render evidence insufficient for felony murder conviction. State v. Abel, 261 K. 331, 338, 932 P.2d 952 (1997).

282. Defendant not entitled to lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter; no evidence of provocation in record. State v. Moncla, 262 K. 58, 73, 936 P.2d 727 (1997).

283. Merger doctrine not applicable to involuntary manslaughter under 21-3404(b). State v. Ullard, 24 K.A.2d 249, 251, 254, 943 P.2d 947 (1997).

284. Conviction for premeditated murder after charge was dismissed at preliminary examination for insufficient evidence reversed. State v. Thompkins, 263 K. 602, 609, 952 P.2d 1338 (1998).

285. Trial court failure to instruct jury on involuntary manslaughter as lesser included offense in felony murder case upheld. State v. Smallwood, 264 K. 69, 84, 955 P.2d 1209 (1998).

286. Evidence of premeditation sufficient to convict defendant of premeditated murder. State v. Kuykendall, 264 K. 647, 651, 957 P.2d 1112 (1998).

287. Trial court refusal to instruct jury on felony murder as a lesser included offense of premeditated murder affirmed. State v. McKinney, 265 K. 104, 109, 961 P.2d 1 (1998).

288. Intent to injure not required element for underlying felony in felony-murder prosecution; felonious conduct inherently dangerous to human life sufficient. State v. Carr, 265 K. 608, 615, 963 P.2d 421 (1998).

289. Hard 40 sentence reversed; evidence insufficient, beyond reasonable doubt, that ax murder especially heinous, atrocious or cruel. State v. Spry, 266 K. 523, 973 P.2d 783 (1999).

290. Numerous alleged errors insufficient to reverse conviction; cumulative error argument without merit; trial was fair and impartial. State v. Brown, 266 K. 563, 973 P.2d 773 (1999).

291. Sufficient evidence to justify finding of premeditated first-degree murder. State v. Saleem, 267 K. 100, 104, 977 P.2d 921 (1999).

292. Evidence supports verdict of first-degree premeditated murder as an aider and abetter. State v. Wakefield, 267 K. 116, 136, 141, 977 P.2d 941 (1999).

293. Conviction of first-degree murder affirmed. State v. Sperry, 267 K. 287, 978 P.2d 933 (1999).

294. Conviction of first-degree murder upheld; prosecutorial misconduct considered harmless error. State v. Cravatt, 267 K. 314, 979 P.2d 679 (1999).

295. Conviction of first-degree felony murder upheld; closing argument statements of prosecutor held harmless error. State v. McCray, 267 K. 339, 343, 979 P.2d 134 (1999).

296. No error in refusing to instruct on aggravated battery as a lesser included offense of first-degree murder; where death occurs, the battery merges into the homicide. State v. Williams, 268 K. 1, 16, 988 P.2d 722 (1999).

297. Sufficient evidence to support conviction of first-degree murder; physical and circumstantial evidence considered. State v. Juiliano, 268 K. 89, 98, 991 P.2d 408 (1999).

298. Reversible error to fail to instruct on aggravated battery as a lesser included offense of attempted first-degree murder. State v. Riley, 26 K.A.2d 533, 534, 989 P.2d 792 (1999).

299. State did not have to prove defendant acted maliciously for felony-murder conviction. Gourley v. McKune, 44 F.Supp.2d 1158, 1163 (1999).

300. Offenses did not merge; felony murder charge was proper based upon criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling, an inherently dangerous felony. State v. Rayton, 268 K. 711, 1 P.3d 854 (2000).

301. No error in refusing to instruct on lesser included offenses of voluntary manslaughter and aggravated battery and on defense of self-defense. State v. Hunt, 270 K. 203, 14 P.3d 430 (2000).

302. Kansas follows majority rule in interpretation of felony-murder statute; defendant may not be convicted of felony-murder for killing of his co-felon by law enforcement officer. State v. Sophophone, 270 K. 703, 19 P.3d 70 (2001).

303. No error in permitting in-court reconstruction of positions of defendant and victim. State v. Donesay, 270 K. 720, 19 P.3d 779 (2001).

304. No error in failing to give “mere association” instruction because guilt can only follow a finding of intentionally aiding and abetting. State v. Pink, 270 K. 728, 20 P.3d 31 (2001).

305. No error in court’s instruction on aiding and abetting. State v. Jackson, 270 K. 755, 19 P.3d 121 (2001).

306. Conviction affirmed; circumstances may give rise to inference of premeditation; mental disability, alone, is not determinative of voluntariness. State v. Caenen, 270 K. 776, 19 P.3d 142 (2001).

307. Defendant may not be convicted of felony murder based on killing of co-felon by victim acting in self-defense. State v. Murphy, 270 K. 804, 19 P.3d 80 (2001).

308. Prosecutor’s comments during closing argument in first-degree felony murder case held not so flagrant as to deny defendant a fair trial. State v. Hooker, 271 K. 52, 21 P.3d 964 (2001).

309. To justify reversal of conviction for failure to disclose evidence, evidence must clearly be exculpatory and prejudicial to defendant. State v. Scott, 271 K. 103, 21 P.3d 516 (2001).

310. No error in trial court’s denying defendant request for substitute counsel and in determining defendant was competent to stand trial. State v. Lopez, 271 K. 119, 22 P.3d 1040 (2001).

311. Evidence held sufficient to prove premeditation. State v. Alvidrez, 271 K. 143, 20 P.3d 1264 (2001).

312. No error in admitting defendant’s pretrial statement nor in imposing consecutive sentences. State v. Ramos, 271 K. 520, 24 P.3d 95 (2001).

313. Conviction of first-degree premeditated murder and imposition of hard 40 sentence affirmed. State v. Albright, 271 K. 546, 24 P.3d 103 (2001).

314. No requirement to instruct on second-degree murder; jury may be instructed on aiding and abetting without such being charged. State v. Amos, 271 K. 565, 23 P.3d 883 (2001).

315. Felony murder conviction affirmed. State v. Branning, 271 K. 877, 26 P.3d 673 (2001).

316. Conviction of first-degree felony murder affirmed. State v. Gilbert, 272 K. 209, 32 P.3d 713 (2001).

317. First-degree premeditated murder conviction affirmed; wife convicted of killing husband by shooting him twice in back of the head with husband’s .357 magnum revolver while he was sleeping. State v. Diggs, 272 K. 349, 34 P.3d 63 (2001).

318. Premeditated first-degree murder conviction affirmed; no error in denying motion for new trial based on recanted testimony of prosecution witness. State v. Betts, 272 K. 369, 33 P.3d 575 (2001).

319. Murder of ex-husband by abused woman affirmed; harmless error and federal constitutional error considered. State v. Leitner, 272 K. 398, 34 P.3d 42 (2001).

320. Felony murder conviction affirmed; claimed violations of right to confrontation and to due process denied. State v. Dean, 272 K. 429, 33 P.3d 225 (2001).

321. Premeditated murder conviction affirmed; imposition of hard 40 sentence not violation of federal or state constitutions. State v. Sanders, 272 K. 445, 33 P.3d 596 (2001).

322. Jury has right to infer premeditation from circumstances of case. State v. Navarro, 272 K. 573, 35 P.3d 802 (2001).

323. Evidence sufficient to support premeditated murder; no instruction on second-degree intentional murder required. State v. Hermosillo, 272 K. 589, 35 P.3d 833 (2001).

324. Prosecutorial misconduct must be of such a magnitude to deny defendant’s constitutional right to fair trial. State v. Gholston, 272 K. 601, 35 P.3d 868 (2001).

325. Defendant knowingly waived Miranda rights. State v. Groschang, 272 K. 652, 36 P.3d 231 (2001).

326. Abuse of defendant’s six-month old son sufficient act to support felony murder conviction. State v. Broyles, 272 K. 823, 36 P.3d 259 (2001).

327. Convictions based on circumstantial evidence of first-degree murder, aggravated kidnapping and aggravated indecent liberties affirmed. State v. Bledsoe, 272 K. 1350, 39 P.3d 38 (2002).

328. Before accepting plea, court must advise defendant of maximum sentence that could be imposed. State v. Williams, 275 K. 284, 64 P.3d 353 (2003).

329. Multiple felony convictions affirmed; no Miranda violation but resentencing required for one conviction because of Gould. State v. Hullum, 273 K. 282, 43 P.3d 806 (2002).

330. Juvenile convictions may be used in calculating defendant’s criminal history score. State v. Clemons, 273 K. 328, 45 P.3d 384 (2002).

331. Felony murder conviction affirmed; defendant not to benefit from a favorable nonretroactive ruling in a later, separate appeal. Easterwood v. State, 273 K. 361, 44 P.3d 1209 (2002).

332. Prosecutor’s comment in closing argument was error but was not plain error requiring reversal. State v. Albright, 273 K. 811, 46 P.3d 1167 (2002).

333. Two consecutive hard 50 sentences affirmed. State v. Douglas, 274 K. 96, 49 P.3d 446 (2002).

334. No error in admitting eight photographs from autopsy although photographs caused one juror to faint and be replaced. State v. Green, 274 K. 145, 48 P.3d 1276 (2002).

335. In charging an attempt crime defendant must be advised of offense attempted but elements of offense need not be meticulously enumerated. State v. Wilson, 30 K.A.2d 498, 43 P.3d 851 (2002).

336. Under facts of case, sufficient evidence to support a finding of premeditation. State v. Decker, 275 K. 502, 66 P.3d 915 (2003).

337. Where felony murder based on alternative felonies, jury unanimity is required for single crime charged but not required as to means by which crime committed if substantial evidence supports each alternative means. State v. Beach, 275 K. 603, 67 P.3d 121 (2003).

338. Felony murder and premeditated murder are not separate crimes but different theories of proving required elements of premeditation and intent for crime of first-degree murder. State v. Hoge, 276 K. 801, 80 P.3d 52 (2003).

339. Right to counsel for a murder charge does not attach when defendant has been charged and is in jail on robbery charge. State v. Pennington, 276 K. 841, 80 P.3d 44 (2003).

340. Sufficient comments by defendant during interrogation to invoke right to counsel; error to continue questioning. State v. Walker, 276 K. 939, 80 P.3d 1156 (2003).

341. Gang slaying affirmed; victim sustained 16 gun shot wounds plus one stab wound. State v. Ly, 277 K. 386, 85 P.3d 1200 (2004).

342. First-degree murder conviction reversed based on prosecutor’s comment that premeditation can take place in an instant. State v. Morton, 277 K. 575, 86 P.3d 535 (2004).

343. Evidence plainly sufficient to support first-degree murder conviction but reversed in part as clear error for failure to instruct on attempted aggravated battery. State v. Young, 277 K. 588, 601, 87 P.3d 308 (2004).

344. Aider and abettor of inherently dangerous felony does not need to be physically present when crime is committed to be guilty of felony murder. State v. Gleason, 277 K. 624, 88 P.3d 218 (2004).

345. No error in granting late endorsement of government witness or of admitting photographs of victim. State v. Shelby, 277 K. 668, 89 P.3d 558 (2004).

346. No error in admitting gruesome photographs of crime scene. State v. Parker, 277 K. 838, 89 P.3d 622 (2004).

347. Sentence vacated and remanded for correction; under statute effective in 1984, defendant’s sentence could only be doubled not tripled. State v. Walker, 277 K. 849, 89 P.3d 920 (2004).

348. Premeditated first-degree murder conviction affirmed. State v. Smith, 278 K. 45, 92 P.3d 1096 (2004).

349. Hard 50 sentence is constitutional and affirmed; evidence sufficient to uphold conviction for first-degree premeditated murder. State v. Wilkerson, 278 K. 147, 91 P.3d 1181 (2004).

350. First-degree murder conviction affirmed; premeditation may be inferred from various circumstances. State v. Cavaness, 278 K. 469, 101 P.3d 717 (2004).

351. Failure to define premeditation in instructions not error. State v. Patton, 33 K.A.2d 391, 102 P.3d 1195 (2004).

352. Accused need not be prosecuted for or convicted of underlying felony in order to be convicted of felony murder. State v. Dixon, 279 K. 563, 112 P.3d 883 (2005).

353. Convictions of first-degree felony murder and sale of cocaine affirmed. State v. Donaldson, 279 K. 694, 112 P.3d 99 (2005).

354. Use of prior convictions not unconstitutional under Apprendi. State v. Lackey, 280 K. 190, 120 P.3d 332 (2005).

355. Elimination of word “maliciously” from section does not make section unconstitutionally vague or shift burden of proof to defendant. State v. Brown, 280 K. 898, 124 P.3d 1035 (2006).

356. Defendant voluntarily entered plea to felony murder charge; motion to withdraw plea rejected. State v. Harned, 281 K. 1023, 1047, 135 P.3d 1169 (2006).

357. Conviction upheld; trial court did not err in allowing gang evidence at trial. State v. Tatum, 281 K. 1098, 1109, 135 P.3d 1088 (2006).

358. Sufficiently significant circumstances and evidence existed for rational factfinder to find defendant guilty of charges. State v. Moody, 35 K.A.2d 547, 554, 555, 556, 132 P.3d 985 (2006).

359. Prosecutor’s closing remark that premeditation can occur rapidly did not violate due process law. Sperry v. McKune, 445 F.3d 1268, 1273 (2006).

360. Aggravated battery is not a lesser included crime of attempted first-degree murder. State v. Gaither, 283 K. 671, 692, 156 P.3d 602 (2007).

361. Section cited in court rejecting defendant’s multiplicity argument. State v. Conway, 284 K. 37, 55, 56, 159 P.3d 917 (2007).

362. Cited; imperfect self-defense relating to voluntary manslaughter not appropriate, when. State v. Carter, 284 K. 312, 326, 160 P.3d 457 (2007).

363. Statute provides alternate methods of proving the deliberation and premeditation required for conviction of first-degree murder. Swenson v. State, 284 K. 648, 660, 162 P.3d 808 (2007).

364. A charge of attempted first degree murder can only fall under K.S.A. 21-3401(a). Swenson v. State, 284 K. 931, 169 P.3d 289 (2007).

365. Accused need not be prosecuted for underlying felony in order to be convicted of felony murder. State v. Garcia, 285 K. 1, 169 P.3d 1069 (2007).

366. Prosecutors must avoid forms of the word “instant” in relationship to describing “premeditation.” State v. Cosby, 285 K. 230, 248, 169 P.3d 1128 (2007).

367. Mentioned in discussion of attempted DUI; evidence supported the charge of attempt to operate vehicle. State v. Stevens, 285 K. 307, 315, 172 P.3d 570 (2007).

368. Mentioned in case involving liability of aider and abettor of a criminal act. State v. Stout, 37 K.A.2d 510, 517, 518, 154 P.3d 1176 (2007).

369. Mentioned; defendant pled to attempted second degree unintentional murder, now a nonexistent crime; test discussed. McPherson v. State, 38 K.A.2d 276, 284, 163 P.3d 1257 (2007).

370. Mentioned in murder conviction based entirely on circumstantial evidence; affirmed. State v. Murray, 285 K. 503, 537, 174 P.3d 407 (2008).

371. Felony murder and criminal discharge of a firearm are intended to be separate offenses; cumulative punishments authorized. State v. Farmer, 285 K. 541, 175 P.3d 221 (2008).

372. Convictions hereunder reversed; defendant a juvenile and state failed to follow juvenile code procedure. State v. Breedlove, 285 K. 1006, 1007, 179 P.3d 1115 (2008).

373. Kansas legislature did not intend cumulative punishments for capital murder and first-degree premeditated murder. State v. Scott, 286 K. 54, 66, 183 P.3d 801 (2008).

374. Discussed in felony murder case where K.S.A. 21-4219 was the underlying felony; self-defense discussion. State v. Kirkpatrick, 286 K. 329, 368, 184 P.3d 247 (2008).

375. Cited in discussion of premeditation; new trial ordered for failure to instruct on lesser included offense of second-degree murder. State v. Scaife, 286 K. 614, 617, 629, 186 P.3d 755 (2008).

376. Cited; identical offense sentencing doctrine discussed, not applicable under case facts. State v. Warledo, 286 K. 927, 951, 956, 190 P.3d 937 (2008).

377. Conviction for felony murder upheld even though defendant acquitted of underlying felony. State v. Herron, 286 K. 959, 964 to 966, 189 P.3d 1173 (2008).

378. Cited; premeditation and sufficiency of evidence to establish discussed and applied. State v. Cook, 286 K. 1098, 1101, 191 P.3d 294 (2008).

379. Cited; witness testified what murder victim said but no constitutional confrontation objection raised at trial; no reversible error. State v. Anderson, 287 K. 325, 341, 197 P.3d 409 (2008).

380. Cited; court discusses rule for lesser included offense instructions in felony murder cases. State v. Jones, 287 K. 547, 556, 197 P.3d 815 (2008).

381. Conviction hereunder upheld; aiding and abetting principles discussed and applied. State v. Grant, 288 K. 76, 201 P.3d 673 (2009).

382. Double homicide convictions for capital murder under K.S.A. 21-3439(a)(6) and for first-degree premeditated murder held improperly duplicitous. Trotter v. State, 288 K. 112, 200 P.3d 1236 (2009).

383. Conviction hereunder affirmed; alleged improper inference of guilt by prosecutor held not improper. State v. McReynolds, 288 K. 318, 202 P.3d 658 (2009).

384. Conviction hereunder affirmed; no error regarding evidence of prior bad acts or photos of victim. State v. Riojas, 288 K. 379, 204 P.3d 578 (2009).

385. Journal entry clarified crime was sexually motivated; district court affirmed. State v. Garcia, 288 K. 761, 207 P.3d 251 (2009).

386. Felony murder convictions affirmed; discussion of unanimity instructions; alternative means cases and multiple acts cases. State v. Dixon, 289 K. 46, 209 P.3d 675 (2009).

387. No equal protection violation in not providing DNA testing for intentional second-degree murder. State v. Salas, 289 K. 245, 210 P.3d 635 (2009).

388. Convictions hereunder upheld; suppression of evidence denied based on consent to search by another resident. State v. Ransom, 289 K. 373, 212 P.3d 203 (2009).

389. Evidence held sufficient to convict defendant of unintentional second-degree murder. State v. Deal, 41 K.A.2d 866, 206 P.3d 529 (2009).

390. Ample evidence supported defendant’s conviction for attempted first-degree murder. State v. Mendoza, 41 K.A.2d 996, 207 P.3d 1072 (2009).

391. Provision discussed and applied; DNA testing denied because it would not produce exculpatory evidence. State v. Lackey, 42 K.A.2d 89, 208 P.3d 793 (2009).

392. Jury instruction on inferable intent given at trial for attempted first-degree murder did not impermissibly change statutory definition of intentional conduct. State v. Hernandez, 44 K.A.2d 524, 239 P.3d 103 (2010).

393. Attempted voluntary manslaughter may support a felony-murder charge if circumstances identified in K.S.A. 21-3436(b) are met. State v. Flores, 292 K. 257, 252 P.3d 570 (2011).

394. The elements of aiding and abetting first-degree premeditated murder and capital murder based on murder for hire are not identical. State v. Robinson, 293 K. 1002, 270 P.3d 1183 (2012).

395. The crimes of first-degree premeditated murder and second-degree intentional murder are not identical. State v. Astorga, 295 K. 339, 284 P.3d 279 (2012).

396. Felony murder is a lesser included crime of capital murder. State v. Mireles, 297 K. 339, 301 P.3d 677 (2013).

397. Phrase “in the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from an inherently dangerous felony” in felony-murder statute does not create alternative means of committing the crime. State v. Cheffen, 297 K. 689, 303 P.3d 1261 (2013).

398. Legislature did not intend to create alternative means of committing felony murder. State v. Harris, 297 K. 1076, 306 P.3d 282 (2013).

399. Appropriate to instruct jury in felony murder case that jury can find defendant guilty upon proof that killing was committed while in flight from an attempt to commit an inherently dangerous felony. State v. Brown, 300 K. 542, 556, 331 P.3d 781 (2014).

400. Felony murder and premeditated murder are alternative methods of proving murder in the first degree, not separate crimes. State v. Thomas, 302 K. 440, 448, 353 P.3d 1134 (2015).