Source or prior law:

21-402.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

“The Doctrine of Lesser Included Offenses in Kansas,” Kay Adam, Helen Packard Dupre, 15 W.L.J. 44 (1976).

“Felony Murder in Kansas,” S. Jill Weinlood, 26 K.L.R. 145, 149 (1977).

“Constitutional Law: Everything You Say Can and Will Be Used Against You in a Court of Law...or Will It? [State v. Rakestraw, 871 P.2d 1274 (Kan. 1994)],” Thomas J. Parascandola, 34 W.L.J. 174, 179 (1994).

“Solidifying the Use of Juvenile Proceedings as Sentence Enhancement and Clarifying Second-Degree Murder,” Kay Redeker, 37 W.L.J. 483 (1998).

“Criminalizing the Intentional or Reckless Exposure to HIV: A Wake-Up Call to Kansas,” Amy M. Decker, 46 K.L.R. 305 (1998).

“It Can Happen in an Instant: Rethinking Pattern Instructions for Kansas on Premeditated Murder,” Saraliene S. Smith, 16 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y, No. 1, 1 (2006).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. K.S.A. 21-402 mentioned in considering sufficiency of evidence. State v. O’Neal, 204 K. 226, 228, 461 P.2d 801.

2. Conviction hereunder reversed; error in failure to require production of statements of police officers; use of surprise witness; comment on lie detector test. State v. Stafford, 213 K. 152, 153, 515 P.2d 769. Opinion modified and rehearing denied: 213 K. 585, 518 P.2d 136.

3. Conviction hereunder; instruction defining malice proper; evidence examined; no reversible error. State v. Wilson, 215 K. 437, 438, 524 P.2d 224.

4. Instruction of lesser offense of second degree murder not reversible error; absence of timely objection. State v. Carpenter, 215 K. 573, 527 P.2d 1333.

5. Conviction hereunder; prosecution for first degree murder and rape; record reviewed; no reversible error. State v. Smith, 216 K. 265, 530 P.2d 1215.

6. Referred to; failure to instruct on involuntary manslaughter in prosecution for murder held error. State v. Childers, 217 K. 410, 416, 536 P.2d 1349.

7. Various alleged trial errors reviewed after conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Sparks, 217 K. 204, 535 P.2d 901.

8. Prosecution hereunder; conviction of voluntary manslaughter reversed; failure to instruct on lesser offense. State v. Clark, 218 K. 18, 21, 542 P.2d 291.

9. Failure to suppress certain testimony and error in jury instructions; reversible error. State v. McCorgary, 218 K. 358, 359, 543 P.2d 952.

10. Failure to instruct jury hereunder in prosecution for murder not reversible error; evidence did not clearly require. State v. Arney, 218 K. 369, 374, 544 P.2d 334.

11. Sixteen year old held subject to prosecution hereunder; not amenable to program available to juvenile court. State v. Green, 218 K. 438, 439, 544 P.2d 356.

12. Conviction hereunder; charge under 21-3401; information omitting term “willfully” not defective. State v. Bright, 218 K. 476, 543 P.2d 928.

13. Conviction hereunder after charge under 21-3401 upheld. State v. Bradford, 219 K. 336, 340, 548 P.2d 812.

14. Incriminating oral statement made to police detective although Miranda warnings not given admissible; conviction sustained. State v. Bohanan, 220 K. 121, 551 P.2d 828.

15. Conviction hereunder affirmed; instructions framed substantially in language of statute upheld; evidence sufficient. State v. Beard, 220 K. 580, 552 P.2d 900.

16. Mentioned; intent requirements of K.S.A. 1976 Supp. 21-3431 declared unconstitutional; impermissibly vague. State v. Kirby, 221 K. 1, 5, 563 P.2d 408.

17. Defendant charged hereunder convicted of voluntary manslaughter; failure to instruct on lesser included offense; reversed. State v. Seelke, 221 K. 672, 675, 678, 561 P.2d 869.

18. Conviction hereunder in prosecution for first degree murder; not error to fail to instruct on involuntary manslaughter and battery. State v. Franklin, 221 K. 739, 743, 561 P.2d 860.

19. Conviction hereunder; court did not err in refusing to instruct on either voluntary or involuntary manslaughter. State v. Burrow & Dohlmar, 221 K. 745, 561 P.2d 864.

20. Conviction hereunder upheld; various alleged trial court errors reviewed and no reversible error shown. State v. Childers, 222 K. 32, 36, 563 P.2d 999.

21. Instructions to jury not erroneous; denial of new trial upheld; conviction affirmed. State v. Stafford, 223 K. 62, 573 P.2d 970.

22. Statement by declarant unavailable as witness held admissible under 60-460 (d) (3); conviction affirmed. State v. Adams, 223 K. 254, 573 P.2d 604.

23. Alleged trial errors received on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Coop, 223 K. 302, 310, 573 P.2d 1017.

24. Mandatory minimum sentence requirements denying probation and parole provisions upheld; conviction affirmed. State v. Freeman, 223 K. 362, 574 P.2d 950.

25. Failure to give clear answers to questions from jury constituted prejudicial error; conviction reversed. State v. Dunnan, 223 K. 428, 573 P.2d 1068.

26. Prosecution for felony murder; conviction of second degree murder affirmed; alleged errors reviewed. State v. Cates, 223 K. 724, 576 P.2d 657.

27. Alleged errors in conviction hereunder reviewed; conviction affirmed. State v. Sanders, 224 K. 138, 578 P.2d 702.

28. Petition under 60-1507 to vacate sentence on conviction hereunder properly dismissed; no exceptional circumstances excusing failure to perfect appeal. Weser v. State, 224 K. 272, 579 P.2d 1214.

29. Review of alleged trial errors on appeal from conviction hereunder; conviction affirmed. State v. White & Stewart, 225 K. 87, 89, 587 P.2d 1259.

30. Defendant charged hereunder, convicted of voluntary manslaughter; reversed; erroneous instructions. State v. Farley, 225 K. 127, 587 P.2d 337.

31. Conviction hereunder upheld notwithstanding a verdict of not guilty of attempted murder by reason of insanity. State v. Schultz, 225 K. 135, 136, 587 P.2d 901.

32. Conviction hereunder; photographs of victim admissible if relevant and are not rendered inadmissible because they are enlarged. State v. Gutierrez, 225 K. 393, 590 P.2d 1063.

33. Conviction upheld; Miranda rights waived by inference. State v. Jackson, 226 K. 302, 597 P.2d 255.

34. Cited in upholding second degree murder conviction. State v. Levier, 226 K. 461, 601 P.2d 1116.

35. Appeal from conviction hereunder. State v. Henderson, 226 K. 726, 727, 603 P.2d 613.

36. Conviction of second degree murder affirmed; jury instructions were proper. State v. Egbert, 227 K. 266, 606 P.2d 1022.

37. Defendant can be tried and convicted of second degree murder upon proof of facts which would substantiate first degree murder verdict. State v. Carpenter, 228 K. 115, 121, 612 P.2d 163.

38. Incitement to riot statute not unconstitutionally vague nor violation of right to freedom of speech; conviction upheld. State v. Dargatz, 228 K. 322, 614 P.2d 430.

39. Confession during in-custody interrogation, absence of counsel, voluntariness-factors to consider, right to remain silent all discussed. State v. Newfield, 229 K. 347, 348, 623 P.2d 1349.

40. Where defendant pushed plunger on needle in deceased’s arm and pulled gun trigger ultimately resulting in death, defendant properly convicted of first degree murder. State v. Cobb, 229 K. 522, 525, 625 P.2d 1133.

41. Conviction hereunder reversed; guilty plea not knowingly made. Clinkingbeard v. State, 6 K.A.2d 716, 717, 634 P.2d 159 (1981).

42. Mentioned; defendant originally charged; charge amended. State v. Williams, 6 K.A.2d 833, 834, 635 P.2d 1274 (1981).

43. Conviction hereunder affirmed; alleged errors of trial court reviewed. State v. Staab, 230 K. 329, 635 P.2d 257 (1981).

44. Considered in holding Federal Major Crimes Act conferred exclusive federal jurisdiction over crimes committed by or against Indians. State v. Mitchell, 231 K. 144, 642 P.2d 981 (1982).

45. Admissibility of defendant’s statements made prior to Miranda warning considered. State v. Taylor, 231 K. 171, 642 P.2d 989 (1982).

46. Evidence sufficient to refute defendant’s contention that evidence supports inference of no premeditation. State v. Garcia, 233 K. 589, 609, 664 P.2d 1343 (1983).

47. Cited in holding 60-407 and 60-417 do not prohibit witness from testifying simply because of age. State v. Thrasher, 233 K. 1016, 1017, 666 P.2d 722 (1983).

48. Where no showing fatal shooting occurred while defending another, instruction on self-defense as to defendant only proper. State v. Martin, 234 K. 115, 670 P.2d 1331 (1983).

49. Officer inquiring of defendant during pat down “where his weapon was” not violative of Miranda rights. State v. Roadenbaugh, 234 K. 474, 673 P.2d 1166 (1983).

50. Reference in sentencing to fact crime had characteristics of first-degree murder not improper. State v. Kerley, 236 K. 863, 864, 696 P.2d 975 (1985).

51. Separate trials, past alcohol/drug abuse records, post-Miranda statement, antagonism between counsel and voluntary intoxication discussed. State v. Falke, 237 K. 668, 669, 703 P.2d 1362 (1985).

52. Polygraph tests, drunkenness, instructions on manslaughter, confession and intent discussed. State v. Mason, 238 K. 129, 708 P.2d 963 (1985).

53. Sexual battery (21-3517, 21-3518) as lesser rape offenses discussed. State v. Galloway, 238 K. 415, 710 P.2d 1320 (1985).

54. Acquittal in fourth trial; question reserved on admissibility of defendant’s voluntary testimony at third trial examined. State v. Willcox, 240 K. 310, 729 P.2d 451 (1986).

55. Information omitting one or more essential elements of crime charged examined. State v. Wilson, 240 K. 606, 731 P.2d 306 (1987).

56. Instruction on lesser included offenses (21-3107), self-defense, diminished capacity, photographic evidence examined. State v. Hill, 242 K. 68, 744 P.2d 1228 (1987).

57. Automatic exclusion of undisclosed witness’ testimony, prosecutorial misstatements, objections to instructions (22-3414), lesser included offenses (21-3107) examined. State v. Cummings, 242 K. 84, 744 P.2d 858 (1987).

58. Aggravated assault (21-3410) not lesser included offense (21-3301) of attempted (21-3301) second degree murder. State v. Daniels, 12 K.A.2d 479, 481, 484, 753 P.2d 300 (1987).

59. Cited; viable fetus as not a “human being” within meaning of aggravated vehicular homicide statute (21-3405a) determined. State v. Trudell, 243 K. 29, 32, 755 P.2d 511 (1988).

60. Instructions on voluntary manslaughter (21-3403) and self-defense (21-3211) but not involuntary manslaughter (21-3404) as error examined. State v. Griblin, 12 K.A.2d 677, 753 P.2d 843 (1988).

61. Conviction affirmed; admissibility of accused’s extrajudicial statements, propriety of jury instructions on insanity and diminished capacity examined. State v. Morris, 244 K. 22, 765 P.2d 1120 (1988).

62. Cited; instruction inferring malice, premeditation and deliberation from use of deadly weapon examined. State v. Beebe, 244 K. 48, 55, 766 P.2d 158 (1988).

63. Applicability of 77-201 Fourth to statutory authority governing Kansas parole board’s power to grant or deny parole determined. Haney v. Hamilton, 13 K.A.2d 269, 768 P.2d 832 (1989).

64. Elements of malice as necessary to be alleged in complaint examined. State v. Browning, 245 K. 26, 27, 774 P.2d 935 (1989).

65. Doctrine of self-defense (21-3211) cannot be invoked to excuse killing done in mutual combat willingly entered into (21-3214). State v. Meyers, 245 K. 471, 478, 781 P.2d 700 (1989).

66. Involuntary manslaughter (21-3404) not a lesser included crime (21-3107) of aiding and abetting (21-3205) second degree murder. State v. Burgess, 245 K. 481, 484, 781 P.2d 694 (1989).

67. Reversal of felony murder conviction where child abuse underlying felony does not bar retrial on second-degree murder charge. In re Habeas Corpus Petition of Lucas, 246 K. 486, 487, 789 P.2d 1157 (1990).

68. Dismissal of juror and replacement failure to instruct on lesser included offense, disparate sentences from codefendants examined. State v. Stallings, 246 K. 642, 792 P.2d 1013 (1990).

69. When instruction necessary on involuntary manslaughter as lesser included offense of first degree murder examined. State v. Burnison, 247 K. 19, 27, 795 P.2d 32 (1990).

70. Contemporaneous objection rule as to evidence, instructions and closing argument examined. State v. Crabtree, 248 K. 33, 34, 805 P.2d 1 (1991).

71. Evidence needed to justify instruction on voluntary manslaughter in murder trial examined. State v. Hamons, 248 K. 51, 63, 805 P.2d 6 (1991).

72. Exception to general rules on lesser included offenses in felony murder cases noted. State v. Hobbs, 248 K. 342, 347, 807 P.2d 120 (1991).

73. Defense’s failure to introduce positive testimony to prove version of homicide contrary to state’s on lesser included offense question examined. State v. Mayberry, 248 K. 369, 385, 807 P.2d 86 (1991).

74. Felony-murder as not supported by underlying felony of aggravated assault examined. State v. Leonard, 248 K. 427, 807 P.2d 81 (1991).

75. Self-defense instruction in murder trial of inmate/defendants, limiting testimony concerning prior self-defense killing examined. State v. Wiggins, 248 K. 526, 808 P.2d 1383 (1991).

76. Evidence required for instruction on second-degree murder as lesser offense of attempted first-degree murder examined. State v. Dixon, 248 K. 776, 782, 811 P.2d 1153 (1991).

77. Admission of prior violent acts between defendant and victim/wife, photographs and videotape of victim/wife’s body examined. State v. Hedger, 248 K. 815, 811 P.2d 1170 (1991).

78. Instructions on self-defense and lesser offenses, reasonableness of search, length of sentence examined. State v. Tyler, 251 K. 616, 619, 840 P.2d 413 (1992).

79. When instruction as lesser included offense of attempted first-degree murder appropriate examined. State v. Dixon, 252 K. 39, 42, 843 P.2d 172 (1992).

80. What circumstances justify refusal to instruct on lesser included offenses of premeditated murder examined. State v. Deavers, 252 K. 149, 152, 843 P.2d 695 (1992).

81. Conviction hereunder affirmed; admission of evidence of gang characteristics and association proper. State v. Tran, 252 K. 494, 495, 847 P.2d 680 (1993).

82. Conviction hereunder affirmed; no violation of constitutional or statutory right to speedy trial. State v. Green, 252 K. 548, 549, 847 P.2d 1208 (1993).

83. Sufficiency of evidence to support conviction examined; standard of review. State v. Edwards, 252 K. 860, 861, 867, 852 P.2d 98 (1993).

84. Constitutionality of instructions regarding “intent,” admission of gruesome photographs, lesser included offense instruction examined. State v. Stone, 253 K. 105, 853 P.2d 662 (1993).

85. Admissibility of police opinion testimony as to defendant’s guilt, use of gruesome photographs examined. State v. Steadman, 253 K. 297, 298, 855 P.2d 919 (1993).

86. Trial court’s refusal to allow testimony of three unendorsed defense witnesses, failure to instruct on lesser included offenses examined. State v. Coleman, 253 K. 335, 343, 856 P.2d 121 (1993).

87. Requirement of an imminently dangerous situation before giving a defense-of-another instruction examined. State v. Hernandez, 253 K. 705, 706, 861 P.2d 814 (1993).

88. When the giving of an instruction on voluntary intoxication should be given examined. State v. Montano, 18 K.A.2d 502, 855 P.2d 979 (1993).

89. Whether judge erred by failing to instruct jury on attempted second-degree murder as lesser included offense of attempted murder examined. State v. Gibbons, 256 K. 951, 956, 889 P.2d 772 (1995).

90. Court’s failure to instruct jury on second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter in first-degree murder trial affirmed. State v. Jones, 257 K. 856, 873, 896 P.2d 1077 (1995).

91. Crime of attempted second-degree murder not recognized in Kansas. State v. Shannon, 258 K. 425, 427, 905 P.2d 649 (1995).

92. Reckless second-degree murder is a lesser included offense of first-degree murder. State v. Pierce, 260 K. 859, 863, 927 P.2d 929 (1996).

93. Requires proof of specific intent; specific intent distinguished from general intent. State v. Esher, 22 K.A.2d 779, 783, 922 P.2d 1123 (1996).

94. Trial court did not err in instructing jury regarding intent element of intentional second-degree murder. State v. Pope, 23 K.A.2d 69, 72, 927 P.2d 503 (1996).

95. Evidence did not justify jury instruction on reckless second-degree murder as a lesser included offense of murder. State v. Clark, 261 K. 460, 465, 931 P.2d 664 (1997).

96. Depraved heart second-degree murder (21-3402(b)) adequately distinguishable from reckless involuntary manslaughter (21-3404) by requiring a higher degree of recklessness; therefor not void for vagueness. State v. Robinson, 261 K. 865, 866, 869, 934 P.2d 38 (1997).

97. Section is not unconstitutionally void for vagueness. State v. Mitchell, 23 K.A.2d 413, 417, 420, 932 P.2d 1012 (1997).

98. Defendant not entitled to lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter; no evidence of provocation in record. State v. Moncla, 262 K. 58, 73, 936 P.2d 727 (1997).

99. Instruction that killing not done in heat of passion or sudden passion proper where evidence requires voluntary manslaughter instruction. State v. Jackson, 262 K. 119, 127, 936 P.2d 761 (1997).

100. Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request for lesser included offense instruction in felony murder case. State v. Williams, 263 K. 134, 138, 947 P.2d 25 (1997).

101. Trial court ruling denying jury instructions on lesser included offenses to intentional second-degree murder upheld. State v. Bailey, 263 K. 685, 689, 952 P.2d 1289 (1998).

102. Malice is not an element of second-degree intentional murder. State v. McCown, 264 K. 655, 657, 957 P.2d 401 (1998).

103. Trial court failure to instruct jury on unintentional second-degree murder as a lesser included offense of premeditated murder affirmed. State v. Harris, 266 K. 270, 277, 970 P.2d 519 (1998).

104. Physician’s conviction for murder of terminally ill patient reversed based on insufficiency of evidence. State v. Naramore, 25 K.A.2d 302, 320, 965 P.2d 211 (1998).

105. In conviction of second-degree murder, no error in failing to instruct on reckless second-degree murder as lesser included offense. State v. Jones, 267 K. 627, 634, 984 P.2d 132 (1999).

106. Reckless second-degree murder conviction affirmed; defendant’s three dogs killed 11 year old boy; defendant acted recklessly to extent it could be inferred defendant was extremely indifferent to value of human life. State v. Davidson, 267 K. 667, 683, 684, 987 P.2d 335 (1999).

107. Unintentional second-degree murder is lesser included offense of intentional second-degree murder. State v. Jones, 27 K.A.2d 910, 8 P.3d 1282 (2000).

108. No error in court’s refusing to instruct jury, declare mistrial or grant a new trial. State v. Smith, 271 K. 666, 24 P.3d 727 (2001).

109. Failure to give instruction on lesser included offense requires reversal of attempted second-degree murder conviction. State v. Cribbs, 29 K.A.2d 919, 34 P.3d 76 (2001).

110. Defendant not responsible only if extraordinary intervening event supersedes defendant’s act and becomes sole legal cause of death (alleged negligence of emergency room physicians); second degree murder conviction affirmed. State v. Kirby, 272 K. 1170, 39 P.3d 1 (2002).

111. Conviction of intentional second degree murder affirmed; no error in Court’s refusal to instruct on voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter. State v. Bell, 273 K. 49, 41 P.3d 783 (2002).

112. Conviction for reckless second degree murder affirmed. State v. Cordray, 277 K. 43, 82 P.3d 503 (2003).

113. Conviction for “depraved heart” second-degree murder affirmed; offense requires reckless killing with extreme indifference to value of human life. State v. Doub, 32 K.A.2d 1087, 95 P.3d 116 (2004).

114. Cited; imperfect self-defense relating to voluntary manslaughter not appropriate, when. State v. Carter, 284 K. 312, 326, 160 P.3d 457 (2007).

115. Attempted voluntary manslaughter is a legally viable crime in Kansas. State v. Gutierrez, 285 K. 332, 339, 172 P.3d 18 (2007).

116. Mentioned; defendant pled to attempted second degree unintentional murder, now a nonexistent crime; test discussed. McPherson v. State, 38 K.A.2d 276, 284, 163 P.3d 1257 (2007).

117. Conviction hereunder; case involved downward departure sentence which appellate court reversed and defendant challenged. State v. Blackmon, 285 K. 719, 720, 176 P.3d 160 (2008).

118. Cited in case challenging failure to instruct on lesser included homicides and robbery; no error found. State v. Reid, 286 K. 494, 522, 186 P.3d 713 (2008).

119. Cited in discussion of premeditation; new trial ordered for failure to instruct on lesser included offense of second-degree murder. State v. Scaife, 286 K. 614, 619, 186 P.3d 755 (2008).

120. Cited; identical offense sentencing doctrine discussed, not applicable under case facts. State v. Warledo, 286 K. 927, 951, 956, 190 P.3d 937 (2008).

121. Cited; defendant required to prove timely appeal would have been sought had defendant been properly informed of appeal right. State v. Gill, 287 K. 289, 290, 196 P.3d 369 (2008).

122. Cited; no error in premeditated first-degree murder case in failing to instruct on lesser included offenses. State v. Jones, 287 K. 559, 572, 197 P.3d 815 (2008).

123. No equal protection violation in not providing DNA testing for intentional second-degree murder. State v. Salas, 289 K. 245, 210 P.3d 635 (2009).

124. Conviction affirmed; jury instruction thereon held no error. State v. Krider, 41 K.A.2d 368, 202 P.3d 722 (2009).

125. Evidence held sufficient to convict defendant of unintentional second-degree murder. State v. Deal, 41 K.A.2d 866, 206 P.3d 529 (2009).

126. Sufficient evidence is found to establish an unintentional but reckless second-degree murder under the facts of case. State v. Deal, 293 K. 872, 269 P.3d 1282 (2012).

127. The crimes of first-degree premeditated murder and second-degree intentional murder are not identical. State v. Astorga, 295 K. 339, 284 P.3d 279 (2012).

128. Identical offense doctrine does not apply to severity levels of the same offense according to facts of case. State v. Bridges, 297 K. 989, 306 P.3d 244 (2013).

129. Identical offense doctrine does not apply to severity levels of the same offense according to facts of case. State v. Friday, 297 K. 1023, 306 P.3d 265 (2013).