Source or Prior Law:

21-430, 21-431, 21-434, 21-435.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

"The Doctrine of Lesser Included Offenses in Kansas," Kay Adam, Helen Packard Dupre, 15 W.L.J. 40, 60 (1976).

Survey of criminal law, Dan Walter and Dick Ring, 15 W.L.J. 341, 342 (1976).

"Reform in Kansas Domestic Violence Legislation," David J. Gottlieb and L. Eric Johnson, 31 K.L.R. 527, 536 (1983).

"Criminalizing the Intentional or Reckless Exposure to HIV: A Wake-Up Call to Kansas," Amy M. Decker, 46 K.L.R. 305 (1998).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Defendant charged hereunder; found guilty of lesser included offense; no error found in K.S.A. 60-1507 action. Kirtdoll v. State, 209 Kan. 508, 496 P.2d 1396.

2. Cited; convictions on two counts under prior statutes set aside as being duplicitous. Jarrell v. State, 212 Kan. 171, 510 P.2d 127.

3. Conviction hereunder; withdrawal of testimony erroneously admitted, where it cannot be said jury not prejudiced, will not cure error; new trial granted. State v. Mans, 213 Kan. 36, 515 P.2d 810.

4. Assault in federal penitentiary; Assimilative Crimes Act has no application if act is made penal under federal statutes. United States v. Patmore, 475 F.2d 753, 754.

5. Conviction hereunder; alleged trial errors reviewed; no prejudicial error. State v. Hollaway, 214 Kan. 636, 637, 639, 522 P.2d 364.

6. Conviction hereunder after being charged under K.S.A. 21-3411; record reviewed; no error. State v. Wilson, 215 Kan. 28, 30, 523 P.2d 337.

7. Conviction hereunder not upheld; application of K.S.A. 21-3408. State v. Warbritton, 215 Kan. 534, 536, 527 P.2d 1050.

8. Applied; conviction on two counts of violations of K.S.A. 21-3411; sentence upheld. State v. Bradley, 215 Kan. 642, 527 P.2d 988.

9. Conviction hereunder affirmed; trial court's discretion in not excluding witnesses not prejudicial. State v. Schoenberger, 216 Kan. 464, 468, 532 P.2d 1085.

10. Conviction of aggravated assault and possession of a firearm; record reviewed; no error shown. State v. Rasler, 216 Kan. 582, 585, 533 P.2d 1262.

11. Applied in determining that particular intent not necessary element of crime proscribed by K.S.A. 21-3411; K.S.A. 21-3201 applicable. State v. Farris, 218 Kan. 136, 141, 542 P.2d 725.

12. Conviction hereunder reversed; charge duplicitous of the crimes of kidnapping and rape. State v. Lassley, 218 Kan. 758, 761, 762, 545 P.2d 383.

13. Applied in upholding conviction under K.S.A. 21-3411; evidence and instructions sufficient. State v. Clanton, 219 Kan. 531, 532, 548 P.2d 768.

14. Conviction of aggravated assault and aggravated burglary affirmed; no instructions required on lesser crimes. State v. Williams, 220 Kan. 610, 611, 612, 556 P.2d 184.

15. Conviction hereunder reversed; evidence of prior conviction; failure to instruct on lesser offense. State v. Werkowski, 220 Kan. 648, 556 P.2d 420.

16. Mentioned; intent requirements of K.S.A. 1976 Supp. 21-3431 declared unconstitutional; impermissibly vague. State v. Kirby, 221 Kan. 1, 5, 563 P.2d 408.

17. Conviction hereunder reviewed; no error in admission of evidence; instruction on assault not necessary. State v. Buckner, 221 Kan. 117, 121, 558 P.2d 1102.

18. Conviction hereunder and of other offenses; no error in refusing new trial or in refusing proposed instruction. State v. Robertson, 221 Kan. 409, 559 P.2d 810.

19. Cited; trial court's ruling on peremptory challenge not disturbed on appeal unless clearly erroneous. State v. Amodei, 222 Kan. 140, 143, 144, 563 P.2d 440.

20. Section applied; conviction upheld. State v. Cunningham, 222 Kan. 704, 567 P.2d 879.

21. No abuse of discretion in refusing to grant separate trials nor in refusal to sever counts; conviction affirmed. State v. Howell, 223 Kan. 282, 573 P.2d 1003.

22. Conviction hereunder reversed; instruction to jury improper. State v. Nelson, 224 Kan. 95, 97, 577 P.2d 1178.

23. Conviction hereunder reversed; charges dismissed as provided by K.S.A. 22-4401 IV (e). State v. Keener, 224 Kan. 100, 577 P.2d 1182.

24. Conviction reversed; denial of admission of prior written inconsistent statement. State v. Murrell, 224 Kan. 689, 585 P.2d 1017.

25. Record examined on appeal from conviction hereunder and of other crimes; judgment affirmed. State v. Soles, 224 Kan. 698, 585 P.2d 1032.

26. Review of conviction hereunder and of other crimes; no reversible error. State v. Sanders, 225 Kan. 147, 148, 587 P.2d 893.

27. Use of firearm, loaded or unloaded, in commission of any offense set out in this article requires mandatory sentence (K.S.A. 21-4618). State v. Deutscher, 225 Kan. 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 589 P.2d 620.

28. Conviction hereunder reversed; charge duplicative of crime of kidnapping. State v. Racey, 225 Kan. 404, 590 P.2d 1064.

29. Case remanded for purpose of determining voluntariness of confession. State v. Shuckahosee, 2 Kan. App. 2d 717, 587 P.2d 923.

30. Conviction hereunder affirmed; discussion of right to speedy trial considerations; first appearance and arraignment distinguished. State v. Taylor, 3 Kan. App. 2d 316, 594 P.2d 262.

31. Cited; firing gun at police officer legally sufficient to satisfy requirements of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer; convictions affirmed. State v. Howell & Taylor, 226 Kan. 511, 515, 601 P.2d 1141.

32. Conviction affirmed; defendant received effective assistance of counsel; sentencing of defendant proper. State v. Rice, 227 Kan. 416, 417, 607 P.2d 489.

33. Conviction reversed; impoundment of defendant's vehicle unauthorized and unreasonable. State v. Urban, 3 Kan. App. 2d 367, 595 P.2d 352.

34. Only disposition available was imprisonment; suspension of sentence unlawful. State v. Johnson, 6 Kan. App. 2d 750, 752, 754, 634 P.2d 1137 (1981).

35. Aggravated assault and aggravated robbery charges held multiplicitous; facts did not support both charges. State v. Niblock, 230 Kan. 156, 631 P.2d 661 (1981).

36. Inquiring whether defendant testified at preliminary hearing harmless error. State v. Blevins, 7 Kan. App. 2d 378, 642 P.2d 136 (1982).

37. Self-defense test under this charge determined under K.S.A. 21-3211. State v. Simon, 231 Kan. 572, 574, 646 P.2d 1119 (1982).

38. Cited in holding that when attorney general prosecutes case at county attorney's request, attorney general can only be removed for cause. State ex rel. Stephan v. Reynolds, 234 Kan. 574, 673 P.2d 1188 (1984).

39. Rights and responsibilities of prosecution and court regarding juveniles waiver hearings (K.S.A. 38-636) and preliminary hearings (K.S.A. 22-2902) outlined. In re Davis, 234 Kan. 766, 771, 674 P.2d 1045 (1984).

40. Voluntary intoxication no defense to subsection (a); aiding and abetting may create specific intent requiring instruction. State v. Sterling, 235 Kan. 526, 529, 680 P.2d 301 (1984).

41. Defendant charged hereunder; proceedings involving consolidation of criminal cases, evidence of prior convictions and defense of insanity. State v. Boan, 235 Kan. 800, 801, 686 P.2d 160 (1984).

42. Effects of voluntary intoxication instruction, testimony of witness following unintentional violation of sequestration order. State v. Johns, 237 Kan. 402, 699 P.2d 538 (1985).

43. Refusal to order psychiatric examination for, and use of videotaped deposition of, victim discussed. State v. Wooldridge, 237 Kan. 737, 703 P.2d 1375 (1985).

44. Proceeding under K.S.A. 60-1507; intent to sentencing judge when one of multiple sentences vacated, propriety of judge's ex parte communication with penitentiary discussed. Niblock v. State, 11 Kan. App. 2d 30, 31, 711 P.2d 771 (1985).

45. Cited; use of doberman pinschers may constitute aggravated battery (K.S.A. 21-3414(c)). State v. Bowers, 239 Kan. 417, 421, 425, 721 P.2d 268 (1986).

46. Conviction reversed; failure of information to allege essential elements (K.S.A. 21-3408) of crime examined. State v. Slansky, 239 Kan. 450, 720 P.2d 1054 (1986).

47. Exact statutory words need not be used if meaning is clear. State v. Bishop, 240 Kan. 647, 651, 732 P.2d 765 (1987).

48. "Deadly weapon" construed, evidence sufficient to show use of "firearm" examined. State v. Adams, 12 Kan. App. 2d 191, 737 P.2d 876 (1987).

49. Aggravated assault not lesser included offense (K.S.A. 21-3107) of attempted (K.S.A. 21-3301) second degree murder (K.S.A. 21-3402). State v. Daniels, 12 Kan. App. 2d 479, 481, 484, 753 P.2d 300 (1987).

50. Noted as lesser included offense (K.S.A. 21-3107) of rape (K.S.A. 21-3502); other lesser included offenses noted. State v. Moore, 242 Kan. 1, 3, 748 P.2d 833 (1987).

51. Insanity defense (K.S.A. 22-3219) as speedy trial delay (K.S.A. 22-3402), diminished capacity instruction, ex parte order for psychiatric evaluation examined. State v. Maas, 242 Kan. 44, 744 P.2d 1222 (1987).

52. Essential elements of offense that must be alleged in information to sustain conviction determined. Zapata v. State, 14 Kan. App. 2d 94, 782 P.2d 1251 (1989).

53. Use of statements made during polygraph exam to impeach, comments on postarrest silence, evaluation of competency, jury instructions examined. State v. Green, 245 Kan. 398, 399, 781 P.2d 678 (1989).

54. Felony-murder not supported by underlying felony of aggravated assault. State v. Leonard, 248 Kan. 427, 431, 807 P.2d 81 (1991).

55. Evidence required for instruction on aggravated assault examined; immediate apprehension of bodily harm as necessary element noted. State v. Dixon, 248 Kan. 776, 785, 811 P.2d 1153 (1991).

56. Cited where variety of jury instructions on lesser included offenses, impossibility, and terroristic threats examined. State v. DeHerrera, 251 Kan. 143, 145, 834 P.2d 918 (1992).

57. Evidence supporting determination to try juvenile as adult (K.S.A. 38-1636) upheld; admission of confession, evidence of gang membership examined. State v. Hooks, 251 Kan. 755, 756, 840 P.2d 483 (1992).

58. Felony murder merger, exclusion of expert testimony, withholding impeachment evidence, absence at in camera hearing, cross-examination rights examined. State v. Humphrey, 252 Kan. 6, 8, 845 P.2d 592 (1992).

59. Trial of juvenile as adult, selection of jury, application of rape shield statute. State v. Walker, 252 Kan. 117, 118, 843 P.2d 203 (1992).

60. Voluntariness of confession, extrajudicial statement of accused, investigative services for indigent defendant examined. State v. Snodgrass, 252 Kan. 253, 254, 843 P.2d 720 (1992).

61. Cited; law enforcement officer properly identified and in performance of official duty. State v. Lyne, 17 Kan. App. 2d 761, 766, 844 P.2d 734 (1992).

62. Jury selection, confession, gang membership, rape shield statute, photographic exhibits, trial misconduct, instructions, peremptory challenge, "Hard 40" statute, examined. State v. Walker, 252 Kan. 279, 281, 845 P.2d 1 (1993).

63. Issue of fact regarding whether officer had probable cause to arrest driver precluded summary judgment on immunity. Burgess v. West, 817 F. Supp. 1520, 1521, 1526 (1993).

64. Whether defendant's conviction for attempted aggravated assault must be reversed because no such crime existed at time examined. State v. Martinez, 20 Kan. App. 2d 824, 830, 893 P.2d 267 (1995).

65. Verbal threats made simultaneous with apparent ability to carry them out not required for conviction hereunder. State v. Torrance, 22 Kan. App. 2d 721, 727, 731, 922 P.2d 1109 (1996).

66. Proof of a specific intent not required under subsection (a); specific intent distinguished from general intent. State v. Esher, 22 Kan. App. 2d 779, 784, 922 P.2d 1123 (1996).

67. Firing gun during aggravated assault not per se excessive brutality; sentencing departure not supported by substantial and compelling reason. State v. Eisele, 262 Kan. 80, 86, 936 P.2d 742 (1997).

68. Plaintiff sufficiently alleged aggravated assault to support claim under violence against women act (42 USC 13981). Wesley v. Don Stein Buick, Inc., 985 F. Supp. 1288, 1300 (1997).

69. Evidence sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault. State v. Kuykendall, 264 Kan. 647, 652, 957 P.2d 1112 (1998).

70. Trial court erred in not binding defendant over for trial on aggravated assault charge. State v. Powell, 266 Kan. 282, 288, 971 P.2d 340 (1998).

71. When defendant charged in drive-by shooting may be convicted of aggravated assault and criminal discharge of firearm examined. State v. Taylor, 25 Kan. App. 2d 407, 410, 965 P.2d 834 (1998).

72. Aggravated assault of law enforcement officer only requires proof that defendant intentionally placed another person in reasonable apprehension of immediate bodily harm; specific intent not required; not reversible error for failing to give general intent instruction. State v. Eichman, 26 Kan. App. 2d 527, 530, 989 P.2d 795 (1999).

73. Reversible error to fail to instruct on aggravated battery as a lesser included offense of attempted first-degree murder. State v. Riley, 26 Kan. App. 2d 533, 534, 989 P.2d 792 (1999).

74. Conviction of aggravated assault for threatening to throw gasoline on victim; held gasoline constitutes a dangerous weapon, affirmed. State v. Graham, 27 Kan. App. 2d 603, 6 P.3d 928 (2000).

75. Juvenile adjudications may be used in calculating defendant's criminal history score without violating Apprendi. State v. Spates, 29 Kan. App. 2d 1089, 36 P.3d 839 (2001).

76. Eyewitness in-court identification properly admitted. State v. Trammell, 278 Kan. 265, 92 P.3d 1101 (2004).

77. Convictions of aggravated assault and criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied vehicle are not multiplicitous. State v. Gomez, 36 Kan. App. 2d 664, 675, 143 P.3d 92 (2006).

78. Convictions hereunder reversed; defendant a juvenile and state failed to follow juvenile code procedure. State v. Breedlove, 285 Kan. 1006, 1007, 179 P.3d 1115 (2008).

79. Cited in discussion of general intent crimes; court's response to jury question misstated intent element. State v. Hawkins, 40 Kan. App. 2d 10, 15, 188 P.3d 965 (2008).

80. Felony murder convictions affirmed; discussion of unanimity instructions; alternative means cases and multiple acts cases. State v. Dixon, 289 Kan. 46, 209 P.3d 675 (2009).

81. Jury acquittal of convictions under K.S.A. 21-3410 and 21-3720; appellate court reverses K.S.A. 21-3412a conviction. State v. Perez-Rivera, 41 Kan. App. 2d 579, 203 P.3d 735 (2009).

82. Kansas assault with a deadly weapon statute qualifies as a predicate offense under the United States sentencing guidelines. U.S. v. Benton, 876 F.3d 1260 (10 th Cir. 2017).