Revisor’s Note:

For Source or Prior Law, see 21-3421.

Cross References to Related Sections:

Trafficking, forced labor or involuntary servitude, 21-3446, 21-3447.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

“Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases, Kansas Issue,” 52 K.L.R. 771 (2004).

“Lurching Toward the Light: Alternative Means and Multiple Acts Law in Kansas,” Carol A. Beier, 44 W.L.J. 275 (2005).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Amendment of information in prosecution for kidnapping and aggravated robbery permitted; defendant’s rights not prejudiced. State v. Lamb, 215 K. 795, 798, 530 P.2d 20.

2. Conviction of kidnapping and aggravated robbery; alleged trial errors examined; no error. State v. Lamb, 215 K. 795, 530 P.2d 20.

3. Mentioned in upholding verdict under K.S.A. 21-3427. State v. Estes, 216 K. 382, 388, 532 P.2d 1283.

4. This section and 21-3421 not void for vagueness. State v. Barry, 216 K. 609, 618, 619, 533 P.2d 1308.

5. Rape of victim constituted “bodily harm” under section; conviction upheld. State v. Barry, 216 K. 609, 618, 619, 533 P.2d 1308.

6. Conviction hereunder and under 21-3427; alleged trial errors reviewed; no error found. State v. Ralls, 216 K. 692, 533 P.2d 1294.

7. Admission of evidence in conviction hereunder upheld. State v. Morin, 217 K. 646, 538 P.2d 684.

8. Alleged errors examined after conviction hereunder and conviction upheld. State v. Arney, 218 K. 369, 544 P.2d 334.

9. Conviction hereunder upheld; statute sufficiently definite and not constitutionally void for vagueness. State v. Adams, 218 K. 495, 497, 504, 545 P.2d 1134.

10. Conviction hereunder upheld; aggravated assault charge duplicitous and conviction reversed. State v. Lassley, 218 K. 758, 761, 762, 545 P.2d 383.

11. Conviction hereunder upheld; construed as not requiring particular distance of removal as necessary element for conviction; “facilitate” defined in subsection (b). State v. Buggs, 219 K. 203, 213, 547 P.2d 720.

12. Conviction hereunder reviewed; no reversible error. State v. Johnson, 219 K. 847, 848, 549 P.2d 1370.

13. Evidence sufficient to warrant submission to jury; conviction affirmed. State v. Colbert, 221 K. 203, 204, 208, 209, 557 P.2d 1235.

14. Conviction hereunder upheld; instruction given not erroneous. State v. Glymph, 222 K. 73, 74, 563 P.2d 422.

15. Evidence sufficient to establish kidnapping as defined by this section. State v. Brooks, 222 K. 432, 434, 565 P.2d 241.

16. Applied; evidence insufficient to establish kidnapping by deception. State v. Holt, 223 K. 34, 40, 41, 573 P.2d 1117.

17. Conduct of prosecutor, although improper, constituted harmless error; conviction under section affirmed. State v. Jordan, 223 K. 197, 574 P.2d 194.

18. Evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Dunn, 223 K. 545, 546, 547, 548, 575 P.2d 530.

19. Kidnapping instructions not erroneous; counsel adequate; conviction hereunder affirmed. State v. Nelson, 223 K. 572, 573, 575 P.2d 547.

20. Failure to instruct hereunder as lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping not prejudicial error under circumstances. State v. Corn, 223 K. 583, 590, 575 P.2d 1308.

21. Alleged errors in conviction hereunder reviewed; conviction affirmed. State v. Cook, 224 K. 132, 578 P.2d 257.

22. Convictions hereunder affirmed; separate charges properly joined; in-custody statement of defendant admissible. State v. McGee, 224 K. 173, 177, 578 P.2d 269.

23. Various allegations of error considered on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Smith & Miller, 224 K. 662, 667, 668, 674, 585 P.2d 1006. Motion for rehearing denied: 225 K. 199, 588 P.2d 953.

24. Jury instructed hereunder although defendant charged with aggravated kidnapping; sentencing improper; remanded for resentencing. State v. Pencek, 224 K. 725, 730, 731, 585 P.2d 1052.

25. Conviction hereunder upheld; aggravated assault charge duplicitous and conviction reversed. State v. Racey, 225 K. 404, 408, 590 P.2d 1064.

26. Conviction hereunder; confinement and transportation of victims was not merely incidental to robbery but facilitated commission thereof and lessened risk of detection. State v. Words, 226 K. 59, 596 P.2d 129.

27. Appeal from conviction hereunder. State v. Moore, 226 K. 747, 602 P.2d 1359.

28. Appeal from conviction hereunder. State v. Washington, 226 K. 768, 602 P.2d 1377.

29. Conviction hereunder upheld; no error in failing to instruct on lesser included offense. State v. Prince, 227 K. 137, 138, 605 P.2d 563.

30. Conviction upheld; force required may be minimal under particular circumstances; evidence to support uncorroborated extrajudicial confession. State v. Tillery, 227 K. 342, 345, 607 P.2d 1031.

31. Cited; evidence sufficient to convict for aggravated kidnapping and felony murder; new trial ordered; prejudicial failure to comply with discovery order. State v. Phillips, 227 K. 370, 375, 607 P.2d 56.

32. Conviction affirmed; denial of motion for change of venue proper. State v. May, 227 K. 393, 607 P.2d 72.

33. Appeal dismissed; appeal not timely filed. State v. Moses, 227 K. 400, 607 P.2d 477.

34. Discussed as to sufficiency of evidence to sustain conviction hereunder. State v. Weigel, 228 K. 194, 198, 199, 612 P.2d 636.

35. Fact that accused previously retained counsel does not make inadmissible voluntary statement made by defendant in counsel’s absence. State v. Costa, 228 K. 308, 309, 613 P.2d 1359.

36. Evidence sufficient to establish taking of two women with force with intent to hold them and facilitate crimes of rape and sodomy. State v. Ferguson, Washington & Tucker, 228 K. 522, 528, 529, 618 P.2d 1186.

37. Confinement in automobile was merely incidental to the commission of the rape; conviction of aggravated kidnapping reversed. State v. Cabral, 228 K. 741, 744, 619 P.2d 1160.

38. Trial court did not commit reversible error in failing to give cautionary instruction as to testimony of an accomplice; conviction affirmed. State v. Moore, 229 K. 73, 74, 622 P.2d 631.

39. Confession during in-custody interrogation, absence of counsel, voluntariness—factors to consider, right to remain silent all discussed. State v. Newfield, 229 K. 347, 348, 623 P.2d 1349.

40. Evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder. State v. Salem, 230 K. 341, 348, 634 P.2d 1109 (1981).

41. Prohibitions against wiretapping not applicable where person who made tape recording was undercover agent and a party to conversation. State v. Irving, 231 K. 258, 259, 644 P.2d 389 (1982).

42. No particular distance required to constitute a taking; no error in refusing instruction on attempt. State v. Mahlandt, 231 K. 665, 670, 647 P.2d 1307 (1982).

43. Trial court erred in refusing to instruct on unlawful restraint as a lesser included offense of kidnapping. State v. Carter, 232 K. 124, 126, 652 P.2d 694 (1982).

44. Trial court discretion in giving jury instructions not abused; no distance of removal required. State v. Smith, 232 K. 284, 290, 654 P.2d 929 (1982).

45. Various alleged evidentiary and procedural errors considered. State v. Thompson, 232 K. 364, 654 P.2d 453 (1982).

46. Statement of crime allegedly committed in another county indicated the purpose for which the victim was confined. State v. Calderon, 233 K. 87, 93, 661 P.2d 781 (1983).

47. Evidence sufficient to establish elements of kidnapping; use of force considered. State v. Coberly, 233 K. 100, 102, 106, 661 P.2d 383 (1983).

48. Moving child into another room is sufficient to constitute kidnapping. State v. Bourne, 233 K. 166, 660 P.2d 565 (1983).

49. Where evidence of bodily harm exists, instruction on lesser crime of simple kidnapping unnecessary. State v. Chatmon, 234 K. 197, 200, 202, 671 P.2d 531 (1983).

50. Movement and confinement ancillary to aggravated robberies supports conviction hereunder. State v. Maxwell, 234 K. 393, 399, 672 P.2d 590 (1983).

51. Specific intent may be shown by acts, circumstances and inferences; direct proof not necessary. State v. Dubish, 234 K. 708, 716, 675 P.2d 877 (1984).

52. Defendant’s confinement of victim not merely incidental; facilitated crime of robbery. State v. Jones, 234 K. 1025, 1028, 676 P.2d 1281 (1984).

53. Identi-Kit composite goes to weight and sufficiency; pretrial photographic lineup identification not impermissibly suggestive; spouse’s observation of keys not privileged. State v. Galloway, 235 K. 70, 680 P.2d 268 (1984).

54. Evidence sufficient to establish crime; error in instruction harmless where defendant’s substantial rights not prejudiced; correction of void sentence. State v. Turbeville, 235 K. 993, 997, 686 P.2d 138 (1984).

55. Forcible moving of victims to food cooler in order to facilitate robbery clearly kidnapping. State v. Pink, 236 K. 715, 729, 696 P.2d 358 (1985).

56. Noted; separate trials, past alcohol/drug abuse records, post-Miranda statement, antagonism between counsel and voluntary intoxication discussed. State v. Falke, 237 K. 668, 683, 703 P.2d 1362 (1985).

57. Cited; control sufficient to constitute “taking or confining,” other elements of crime examined. State v. Jackson, 238 K. 793, 800, 802, 714 P.2d 1368 (1986).

58. Effect of delays from interlocutory appeals (22-3603) on constitutional right to speedy trial discussed. State v. Galloway, 238 K. 100, 708 P.2d 508 (1985).

59. Cited in conviction under 21-3421; elements of aggravated kidnapping examined. State v. Ransom 239 K. 594, 601, 722 P.2d 540 (1986).

60. Compliance with nolo contendere statute (22-3210) examined. State v. Alsup, 239 K. 673, 722 P.2d 1100 (1986).

61. Kidnapping statute now a general statute which includes a parent’s intentionally committing acts prohibited. State v. Carmichael, 240 K. 149, 159, 727 P.2d 918 (1986).

62. Sufficiency of evidence, technical irregularities in execution of search warrant, voluntariness of confession examined. State v. Holloman, 240 K. 589, 731 P.2d 294 (1987).

63. Cited; instructions examined where defendant convicted of aggravated kidnapping. State v. Redford, 242 K. 658, 669, 750 P.2d 1013 (1988).

64. Cited; elements necessary for instructions on lesser included offenses (21-3107) of aggravated kidnapping (21-3421) examined. State v. Patterson, 243 K. 262, 263, 755 P.2d 551 (1988).

65. Cited; convictions of multiple offenses as not violating double jeopardy examined. State v. Dunn, 243 K. 414, 433, 758 P.2d 718 (1988).

66. Cited; conviction for aggravated kidnapping (21-3421) examined. State v. Howard, 243 K. 699, 701, 763 P.2d 607 (1988).

67. Cross-examination of defendant as to prior invocation of Fifth Amendment privilege when called as witness in trial against others examined. State v. Ladd, 244 K. 429, 769 P.2d 631 (1989).

68. Time limits on district court’s jurisdiction to modify sentences (21-4603(3)), procedures to attack conditions of imprisonment (60-1501 et seq.) examined. State v. Saft, 244 K. 517, 521, 769 P.2d 675 (1989).

69. Sufficiency of evidence to constitute aggravated kidnapping examined. State v. Smith, 245 K. 381, 393, 781 P.2d 666 (1989).

70. Evidence of witness’ drug involvement as inadmissible to impeach credibility (60-241) examined. State v. Jarmon, 245 K. 634, 783 P.2d 1267 (1989).

71. Warrantless arrest and search, pretrial and in-court identification, multiplicitous convictions, acting as cocounsel, jury instructions, prejudicial closing remarks examined. State v. McKessor, 246 K. 1, 3, 785 P.2d 1332 (1990).

72. Evidence sufficient to bind accused over on charge of aggravated kidnapping (21-3421) examined. State v. Pioletti, 246 K. 49, 62, 785 P.2d 963 (1989).

73. When crime of kidnapping consummated determined; underlying crime irrelevant in filing kidnap charge. McLain v. State, 14 K.A.2d 329, 789 P.2d 1201 (1990).

74. Voir dire of panel, instruction on drug use, evidence of different crime testimony by witnesses at prior proceeding examined. State v. Osby, 246 K. 621, 622, 793 P.2d 243 (1990).

75. Two distinct methods of perpetrating crime of kidnapping examined; facilitating flight noted. State v. Alires, 246 K. 635, 637, 792 P.2d 1019 (1990).

76. Confinement amounting to aggravated kidnapping and not merely incidental to rape examined. State v. Zamora, 247 K. 684, 694, 803 P.2d 568 (1990).

77. Jury panel selection, complaining witness counsel, closing argument misconduct, insanity defense, press access to affidavits supporting probable cause examined. State v. Baker, 249 K. 431, 433, 819 P.2d 1173 (1991).

78. Proof required for kidnapping conviction when taking or confining done to facilitate commission of another crime. State v. Richmond, 250 K. 375, 376, 377, 827 P.2d 743 (1992).

79. Contention that there was not sufficient evidence of bodily harm to sustain conviction of aggravated kidnapping without merit. State v. Mason, 250 K. 393, 396, 827 P.2d 748 (1992).

80. Requires allegation of one of types of intent; information insufficient as it did not allege any intent. State v. Sanford, 250 K. 592, 600, 830 P.2d 14 (1992).

81. Element of removal or confinement examined; taking or confining to facilitate commission of crime noted. State v. Zimmerman, 251 K. 54, 833 P.2d 925 (1992).

82. Jurisdiction over defendant/inmate transferred from institution and arrested in another county examined. State v. Hammond, 251 K. 501, 502, 837 P.2d 816 (1992).

83. Propriety of admission of prior convictions on cross-examination, multiplicity of aggravated kidnapping and rape examined. State v. Blackburn, 251 K. 787, 840 P.2d 497 (1992).

84. Noted where aggravated kidnapping conviction examined (related first-degree murder case where bodies of victims never found). State v. Grissom, 251 K. 851, 901, 840 P.2d 1142 (1992).

85. Conviction hereunder reversed; trial court erred in excluding evidence of lack of veracity by complaining witness. State v. Lewis, 252 K. 535, 847 P.2d 690 (1993).

86. Conviction hereunder reversed; ex parte communication between judge and juror violative of defendant’s constitutional rights. State v. Bowser, 252 K. 582, 847 P.2d 1231 (1993).

87. Mentioned in determining that “human being” as used in aggravated arson statute means a living person. State v. Kingsley, 252 K. 761, 780, 851 P.2d 370 (1993).

88. Facts justifying stop and search of automobile, validity of confession, nature of interrogation, requested instructions on constitutional rights examined. State v. Johnson, 253 K. 75, 78, 853 P.2d 34 (1993).

89. Voluntariness of confession, diminished intellectual capacity and evidence of alibi examined. State v. Wacker, 253 K. 664, 670, 861 P.2d 1272 (1993).

90. Requirement that trial court accept plea and make finding of guilt for conviction to stand examined. State v. Morse, 18 K.A.2d 268, 855 P.2d 87 (1993).

91. Cited in holding court lacked jurisdiction to convict father of rape of 15 year-old daughter where father also convicted of aggravated kidnapping. Carmichael v. State, 18 K.A.2d 435, 447, 856 P.2d 934 (1993).

92. Whether victim’s confinement during robbery was incidental providing insufficient evidence to support kidnapping conviction examined. State v. Hays, 256 K. 48, 62, 883 P.2d 1093 (1994).

93. Whether sufficient evidence of defendant taking and confining victim present to support aggravated kidnapping conviction examined. State v. Halloway, 256 K. 449, 450, 886 P.2d 831 (1994).

94. Whether court should have instructed jury on unlawful restraint as a lesser included offense of kidnapping examined. State v. Lewis, 256 K. 929, 936, 889 P.2d 766 (1995).

95. The elements necessary to establish kidnapping where a taking or confinement occurs to facilitate commission of another crime examined. State v. Fisher, 257 K. 65, 75, 891 P.2d 1065 (1995).

96. Evidence of confinement sufficient to support conviction of kidnapping. State v. Richmond, 258 K. 449, 452, 454, 904 P.2d 974 (1995).

97. Evidence insufficient to support conviction for aggravated kidnapping. Messer v. Roberts, 74 F.3d 1009, 1013 (1996).

98. Evidence to support kidnapping conviction insufficient. State v. Crane, 260 K. 208, 230, 918 P.2d 1256 (1996).

99. Requires proof of specific intent; specific intent distinguished from general intent. State v. Esher, 22 K.A.2d 779, 783, 922 P.2d 1123 (1996).

100. Evidence supporting restraint of victim sufficient to sustain conviction. Howard v. Nelson, 980 F.Supp. 381, 385 (1997).

101. Evidence establishing essential elements of kidnapping sufficient to support conviction. State v. Higgenbotham, 264 K. 593, 607, 957 P.2d 416 (1998).

102. Under facts, charging defendant with aggravated kidnapping and aggravated indecent liberties with a child were multiplicitous. State v. Morfitt, 25 K.A.2d 8, 20, 956 P.2d 719 (1998).

103. Aggravated kidnapping conviction affirmed based on evidence victim, badly beaten or unconscious, was placed in victim’s car and driven to location where killed. State v. Valdez, 266 K. 774, 786, 977 P.2d 242 (1999).

104. No requirement for court to instruct on crime of criminal restraint where evidence supports specific intent crime of kidnapping not criminal restraint. State v. Wiggett, 273 K. 438, 44 P.3d 381 (2002).

105. Facts regarding aggravated robbery not sufficiently separate to support convictions of simple or aggravated kidnapping. State v. Kemp, 30 K.A.2d 657, 46 P.3d 31 (2002).

106. Dragging victim from doorway and into bedroom insufficient to support conviction of aggravated kidnapping. State v. Burden, 30 K.A.2d 690, 46 P.3d 570 (2002).

107. Three-pronged test in Biggs, 219 K. 203, held inapplicable to kidnapping under section. State v. Burden, 275 K. 934, 69 P.3d 1120 (2003).

108. Trial attorney’s failure to challenge elements of crime did not constitute ineffective assistance. Upchurch v. Bruce, 333 F.3d 1158, 1164 (2003).

109. Instruction regarding lesser included offense of kidnapping not warranted because jury could not have reasonably convicted defendant of lesser offense. State v. Simmons, 282 K. 728, 742, 148 P.3d 525 (2006).

110. Conviction hereunder; admissibility of other crimes, when allowed. State v. Hampton, 38 K.A.2d 209, 212, 162 P.3d 840 (2007).

111. Mentioned; defendant pled to attempted second degree unintentional murder, now a nonexistent crime; test discussed. McPherson v. State, 38 K.A.2d 276, 284, 163 P.3d 1257 (2007).

112. Cited; under Kansas law on kidnapping, actual moving of victim not required. Loggins v. Cline, 568 F.Supp.2d 1265, 1271 (2008).

113. Cited as crime requiring a specific intent element. In re C.P.W. 289 K. 448, 213 P.3d 413 (2009).

114. Instruction on self-defense not warranted unless defendant used actual physical force; but see dissent. State v. Hendrix, 289 K. 859, 218 P.3d 40 (2009).

115. Under facts of case, evidence sufficient for criminal restraint conviction and aggravated battery. State v. Curreri, 42 K.A.2d 460, 213 P.3d 1084 (2009).

116. The phrase “to facilitate flight or the commission of any crime” does not provide an alternative means of committing the crime of kidnapping or aggravated kidnapping. State v. Haberlein, 296 K. 195, 290 P.3d 640 (2012).