Source or prior law:

21-449, 21-450.

Cross References to Related Sections:

Trafficking, forced labor or involuntary servitude, 21-3446, 21-3447.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

“Criminal Law: Multiplicity and the Independence of Aggravated Sexual Battery Under KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3107(2) [State v. Mason, 827 P.2d 748 (Kan. 1992)],” Lance Thaxton, 32 W.L.J. 290, 291 (1993).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Amendment of information in prosecution for kidnapping and aggravated robbery permitted; defendant’s rights not prejudiced. State v. Lamb, 215 K. 795, 798, 530 P.2d 20.

2. Mentioned in upholding verdict under K.S.A. 21-3427. State v. Estes, 216 K. 382, 388, 532 P.2d 1283.

3. This section and 21-3420 not void for vagueness. State v. Barry, 216 K. 609, 618, 619, 533 P.2d 1308.

4. Rape of victim constituted “bodily harm” under section; conviction upheld. State v. Barry, 216 K. 609, 618, 619, 533 P.2d 1308.

5. Defendant charged hereunder cannot claim former jeopardy as to a crime convicted of, where conviction reversed and case dismissed; rights not denied. State v. Dolack, 216 K. 622, 623, 630, 533 P.2d 1282.

6. Acts of violence against kidnapping victim amounting to aggravated battery made kidnapping “aggravated”; instruction proper. State v. Taylor, 217 K. 706, 713, 715, 716, 538 P.2d 1375.

7. Conviction hereunder and of other crimes affirmed; evidence admissible. State v. Donahue, 218 K. 351, 543 P.2d 962.

8. Conviction hereunder; failure to instruct on lesser offense not error where no evidence that could lead to conviction of such offense. State v. Ponds and Garrett, 218 K. 416, 420, 543 P.2d 967.

9. Conviction hereunder upheld; statute not void for vagueness; rape supplies element of bodily harm. State v. Adams, 218 K. 495, 499, 504, 545 P.2d 1134.

10. Erroneous admission of prior conviction constituted prejudice; conviction hereunder reversed. State v. Donnelson, 219 K. 772, 773, 549 P.2d 964.

11. Convictions hereunder and of other crimes affirmed on review. State v. Lee, 221 K. 109, 110, 558 P.2d 1096.

12. Defendant’s plea of not guilty puts issue of intent or guilty knowledge before the court. State v. Brooks, 222 K. 432, 434, 565 P.2d 241.

13. Evidence insufficient to establish aggravated kidnapping by deception. State v. Holt, 223 K. 34, 39, 573 P.2d 1117.

14. Conviction affirmed; waiver of right to silence; jury instruction of opening argument not prejudicial error. State v. Singleton, 223 K. 559, 575 P.2d 540.

15. Failure to instruct on kidnapping as lesser included offense in prosecution hereunder not prejudicial error under circumstances; conviction affirmed. State v. Corn, 223 K. 583, 590, 575 P.2d 1308.

16. Conviction of felony murder and aggravated kidnapping affirmed. State v. Duvaul, 223 K. 718, 576 P.2d 653.

17. Finding of not guilty of violation of section. State v. Nixon, 223 K. 788, 789, 576 P.2d 691.

18. Conviction hereunder affirmed; amended complaint proper; failure to give limiting instructions not clearly erroneous. State v. Bell, 224 K. 105, 577 P.2d 1186.

19. Alleged errors in conviction hereunder reviewed; conviction affirmed. State v. Cook, 224 K. 132, 578 P.2d 257.

20. Convictions hereunder affirmed; separate charges properly joined; in-custody statement of defendant admissible. State v. McGee, 224 K. 173, 578 P.2d 269.

21. Conviction hereunder and of other crimes affirmed. State v. Williams, 224 K. 468, 580 P.2d 1341.

22. Various allegations of error considered on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Smith & Miller, 224 K. 662, 674, 585 P.2d 1006. Motion for rehearing denied: 225 K. 199, 588 P.2d 953.

23. Alleged errors reviewed on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Higdon, 224 K. 720, 724, 585 P.2d 1048.

24. Defendant found guilty hereunder although jury instructed on simple kidnapping only; sentence improper; remanded for resentencing. State v. Pencek, 224 K. 725, 730, 585 P.2d 1052.

25. Evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder; instructions proper. State v. Sanders, 225 K. 156, 160, 161, 587 P.2d 906.

26. Convictions of rape and aggravated kidnapping affirmed; trial court did not err in rulings made concerning admissibility of testimony of expert witness. State v. Reed, 226 K. 519, 601 P.2d 1125.

27. Appeal from conviction of kidnapping as a lesser included offense of crime defined herein. State v. Washington, 226 K. 768, 602 P.2d 1377.

28. Conviction hereunder upheld; no error in admission into evidence of expert testimony on bite-mark identification. State v. Peoples, 227 K. 127, 605 P.2d 135.

29. Sufficient evidence to convict for aggravated kidnapping and felony murder; new trial ordered; prejudicial failure to comply with discovery order. State v. Phillips, 227 K. 370, 375, 607 P.2d 56.

30. Whether defendant used firearm in commission of crime is matter to be determined by trial court at sentencing. State v. Ramsey, 228 K. 127, 612 P.2d 603.

31. Confinement in automobile was merely incidental to the commission of the rape; conviction of aggravated kidnapping reversed. State v. Cabral, 228 K. 741, 745, 619 P.2d 1160.

32. Mistrial declared after 2 1/2 days of trial because of ineligible juror; double jeopardy did not attach. State v. Folkerts, 229 K. 608, 629 P.2d 173 (1981).

33. Mentioned; information amended to attempted murder. Sutton v. State, 6 K.A.2d 831, 636 P.2d 187 (1981).

34. Evidence sufficient to support conviction hereunder. State v. Salem, 230 K. 341, 348, 634 P.2d 1109 (1981).

35. Forcing victim to commit sodomy constitutes inflicting bodily harm; charges not multiplicitous. State v. Chears, 231 K. 161, 165, 643 P.2d 154 (1982).

36. No particular distance required to constitute a taking; no error in refusing instruction on attempt. State v. Mahlandt, 231 K. 665, 647 P.2d 1307 (1982).

37. Various alleged evidentiary and procedural errors considered. State v. Diaz & Altemay, 232 K. 307, 308, 654 P.2d 425 (1982).

38. Proof of rape was sufficient evidence of bodily harm to support conviction of aggravated kidnapping. State v. Coberly, 233 K. 100, 102, 106, 661 P.2d 383 (1983).

39. Rape and indecent liberties constitute bodily harm to make kidnapping aggravated. State v. Bourne, 233 K. 166, 660 P.2d 565 (1983).

40. Where evidence of bodily harm exists, instruction on lesser crime of simple kidnapping unnecessary. State v. Chatmon, 234 K. 197, 200, 202, 671 P.2d 531 (1983).

41. Instruction on lesser offense of kidnapping arises only where evidence that defendant might reasonably be convicted. State v. Royal, 234 K. 218, 221, 670 P.2d 1337 (1983).

42. No requirement that bodily harm be inflicted after victim moved or kidnapped. Smith v. Atkins, 565 F.Supp. 721 (1983).

43. Specific intent may be shown by acts, circumstances and inferences; direct proof not necessary. State v. Dubish, 234 K. 708, 716, 675 P.2d 877 (1984).

44. Refusal to commit pursuant to 22-3430 not reviewable; sentence imposed under 21-4608 met criteria of 21-4606. State v. Adkins, 236 K. 259, 689 P.2d 880 (1984).

45. Instruction on unlawful restraint (21-3424) as lesser included offense unnecessary where evidence sufficient to establish guilt hereunder. State v. Lile, 237 K. 210, 214, 699 P.2d 456 (1985).

46. Constitutionality of denying good time credits for class A felony incarceration (22-3717(b)) upheld. Olson v. Maschner, 10 K.A.2d 289, 697 P.2d 893 (1985).

47. Separate trials, past alcohol/drug abuse records, post-Miranda statement, antagonism between counsel and voluntary intoxication discussed. State v. Falke, 237 K. 668, 669, 703 P.2d 1362 (1985).

48. Res gestae evidence, inconsistent jury verdicts, trial court response to jury questions during deliberations discussed. State v. Peck, 237 K. 756, 703 P.2d 781 (1985).

49. Insanity issue diminished capacity, medical and nonexpert testimony examined. State v. Jackson, 238 K. 793, 714 P.2d 1368 (1986).

50. Juvenile proceedings; authority to modify restitution under 38-1663 and juvenile’s right to due process upheld. In re C.A.D., 11 K.A.2d 13, 711 P.2d 1336 (1985).

51. Where specific intent is element of crime, instruction showing intent as part of voluntary act was error. Wiley v. Rayl, 767 F.2d 679, 681 (1985).

52. Speedy trial, justices qualified on rehearing, hearsay statements, incriminating statements, witness sequestration, new evidence examined. State v. Ransom, 239 K. 594, 722 P.2d 540 (1986).

53. Effective assistance of counsel, admission of “body pack” tape recording, “plain view” exception to fourth amendment examined. State v. Walker, 239 K. 635, 722 P.2d 556 (1986).

54. Sufficiency of evidence, technical irregularities in execution of search warrant, voluntariness of confession examined. State v. Holloman, 240 K. 589, 731 P.2d 294 (1987).

55. Defendant as co-counsel, admission of hearsay statements, unlawful firearm possession, underlying felony, venue and jurisdiction examined. State v. Martin, 241 K. 732, 733, 740 P.2d 577 (1987).

56. Insanity defense (22-3219) as speedy trial delay (22-3402), diminished capacity instruction, ex parte order for psychiatric evaluation examined. State v. Maas, 242 K. 44, 744 P.2d 1222 (1987).

57. Peremptory challenges of members of defendant’s minority race or group examined. State v. Hood, 242 K. 115, 116, 744 P.2d 816 (1987).

58. Prior crimes and aggravated kidnapping instructions, jury requests for information, venue, victim’s prior sexual conduct examined. State v. Redford, 242 K. 658, 659, 750 P.2d 1013 (1988).

59. Conviction reversed; evidence viewed in light most favorable to prosecution as failing to establish elements of kidnapping examined. State v. Patterson, 243 K. 262, 265, 755 P.2d 551 (1988).

60. Conviction affirmed; funds for psychiatric examination, change of venue, defense of compulsion, sequestration of witnesses, due process, double jeopardy examined. State v. Dunn, 243 K. 414, 433, 758 P.2d 718 (1988).

61. Conviction affirmed; discretion in sentencing examined where court misunderstood parole eligibility at time sentence imposed. State v. Glover, 243 K. 689, 763 P.2d 605 (1988).

62. Conviction affirmed; incidental charges, multiplicitous charges, sufficiency of evidence examined. State v. Howard, 243 K. 699, 763 P.2d 607 (1988).

63. Conviction reversed; prosecutorial withholding of exculpatory evidence; late endorsement of witnesses; comment on defendant’s failure to testify examined. State v. Beebe, 244 K. 48, 49, 766 P.2d 158 (1988).

64. Time limits on district court’s jurisdiction to modify sentences (21-4603(3)), procedures to attack conditions of imprisonment (60-1501 et seq.) examined. State v. Saft, 244 K. 517, 521, 769 P.2d 675 (1989).

65. Exculpatory evidence, prior crime evidence, sufficiency of evidence, eyewitness identification instruction, defective information examined. State v. Smith, 245 K. 381, 383, 395, 781 P.2d 666 (1989).

66. Evidence of witness’ drug involvement as inadmissible to impeach credibility (60-241) examined. State v. Jarmon, 245 K. 634, 783 P.2d 1267 (1989).

67. Review of misjoinder, preserving objections for appeal, evidence of drug conviction to impeach witness, sentence enhancement examined. State v. Trotter, 245 K. 657, 658, 783 P.2d 1271 (1989).

68. Proof required to establish aggravated kidnapping by deception examined. State v. Damewood, 245 K. 676, 687, 783 P.2d 1249 (1989).

69. Delays in holding trial caused by defendant’s motion for competency hearing, basis of search warrant examined. State v. Prewett, 246 K. 39, 40, 785 P.2d 956 (1990).

70. Additional charge after preliminary hearing, double jeopardy, judicial voir dire improprieties, insanity and diminished capacity instructions, trial misconduct, sentences examined. State v. Pioletti, 246 K. 49, 50, 785 P.2d 963 (1990).

71. Voir dire of panel, instruction on drug use, evidence of different crime testimony by witnesses at prior proceeding examined. State v. Osby, 246 K. 621, 622, 793 P.2d 243 (1990).

72. Suggestive pretrial procedures, evidence from automobile and home, sufficiency of evidence, peremptory challenges examined. State v. Skelton, 247 K. 34, 795 P.2d 349 (1990).

73. Lack of requirement to change life sentence so good time credits apply, when counsel required for postconviction motions examined. State v. Carmichael, 247 K. 619, 620, 801 P.2d 1315 (1990).

74. Closing argument constituting prosecutorial misconduct, confinement not incidental to rape examined. State v. Zamora, 247 K. 684, 803 P.2d 568 (1990).

75. Rules governing motions for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence reiterated. State v. Redford, 248 K. 130, 804 P.2d 983 (1991).

76. Evidence sufficient to establish element of “bodily harm” to support a conviction examined. State v. Peltier, 249 K. 415, 819 P.2d 628 (1991).

77. Proof required for kidnapping conviction when taking or confining done to facilitate commission of another crime. State v. Richmond, 250 K. 375, 376, 377, 827 P.2d 743 (1992).

78. Contention that there was not sufficient evidence of bodily harm to sustain conviction of aggravated kidnapping without merit. State v. Mason, 250 K. 393, 394, 396, 827 P.2d 748 (1992).

79. Requires an allegation that bodily harm was inflicted; information insufficient. State v. Sanford, 250 K. 592, 600, 830 P.2d 14 (1992).

80. Element of removal or confinement examined; taking or confining to facilitate commission of crime noted. State v. Zimmerman, 251 K. 54, 59, 833 P.2d 925 (1992).

81. Sufficiency of evidence, instructions on lesser included offenses, use of photographic identification evidence. State v. Evans, 251 K. 132, 133, 834 P.2d 335 (1992).

82. Jury selection by voter registration lists, evidence of gang membership examined. State v. Bailey, 251 K. 156, 158, 834 P.2d 342 (1992).

83. Multiplicity of convictions for aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery, lesser included offenses, jurisdiction over defendant/inmate examined. State v. Hammond, 251 K. 501, 502, 837 P.2d 816 (1992).

84. Evidence supporting determination to try juvenile as adult (38-1636) upheld; admission of confession, evidence of gang membership examined. State v. Hooks, 251 K. 755, 756, 840 P.2d 483 (1992).

85. Propriety of admission of prior convictions on cross-examination, multiplicity of aggravated kidnapping and rape examined. State v. Blackburn, 251 K. 787, 840 P.2d 497 (1992).

86. Sufficiency of evidence examined (related first-degree murder case where bodies of victims never found). State v. Grissom, 251 K. 851, 901, 840 P.2d 1142 (1992).

87. Trial of juvenile as adult, selection of jury, application of rape shield statute. State v. Walker, 252 K. 117, 118, 843 P.2d 203 (1992).

88. Voluntariness of confession, extrajudicial statement of accused, investigative services for indigent defendant examined. State v. Snodgrass, 252 K. 253, 254, 843 P.2d 720 (1992).

89. Jury selection, confession, gang membership, rape shield statute, photographic exhibits, trial misconduct, instructions, peremptory challenge, “Hard 40” statute, examined. State v. Walker, 252 K. 279, 281, 845 P.2d 1 (1993).

90. Mentioned in determining that “human being” as used in aggravated arson statute means a living person. State v. Kingsley, 252 K. 761, 780, 851 P.2d 370 (1993).

91. Conviction affirmed; ex parte conversation between judge and ill juror, substitution of alternate juror, intoxication of defendant instructions and burden of proof addressed. State v. Minski, 252 K. 806, 807, 850 P.2d 809 (1993).

92. When defendant may be sentenced in absentia, waiver of right to be present examined. State v. Braun, 253 K. 141, 853 P.2d 686 (1993).

93. Application of 21-4601 and 21-4606 to sentencing rather than modification noted; when provisions of 21-4603(4) applicable examined. State v. Mareska, 253 K. 431, 855 P.2d 954 (1993).

94. Trial court lacked jurisdiction to convict father of rape of 15 year-old daughter where father also convicted of aggravated kidnapping. Carmichael v. State, 18 K.A.2d 435, 437, 856 P.2d 934 (1993).

95. Whether sufficient evidence of defendant taking and confining victim present to support aggravated kidnapping conviction examined. State v. Halloway, 256 K. 449, 450, 886 P.2d 831 (1994).

96. Whether court should have instructed jury on unlawful restraint as a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping examined. State v. Lewis, 256 K. 929, 936, 889 P.2d 766 (1995).

97. The elements necessary to establish kidnapping where a taking or confinement occurs to facilitate commission of another crime examined. State v. Fisher, 257 K. 65, 75, 891 P.2d 1065 (1995).

98. Venue for aggravated kidnapping proper in county where victim transported. State v. Johnson, 258 K. 475, 484, 905 P.2d 94 (1995).

99. Under facts, charging defendant with aggravated kidnapping and aggravated indecent liberties with a child were multiplicitous. State v. Morfitt, 25 K.A.2d 8, 20, 956 P.2d 719 (1998).

100. Movement of rape victim from one location to more secluded area sufficient to establish kidnapping. State v. Montes, 28 K.A.2d 768, 21 P.3d 592 (2001).

101. Convictions based on circumstantial evidence of first-degree murder, aggravated kidnapping and aggravated indecent liberties affirmed. State v. Bledsoe, 272 K. 1350, 39 P.3d 38 (2002).

102. Since defendant was acquitted of rape and criminal sodomy charges, there was no evidence of bodily harm to support conviction of aggravated kidnapping. State v. Davis, 275 K. 107, 61 P.3d 701 (2003).

103. Aggravated kidnapping conviction not multiplicitous of defendant’s felony murder conviction. State v. Pham, 281 K. 1227, 1263, 136 P.3d 919 (2006).

104. Instruction regarding lesser included offense of kidnapping (21-3420) not warranted because jury could not have reasonably convicted defendant of lesser offense. State v. Simmons, 282 K. 728, 742, 148 P.3d 525 (2006).

105. Conviction hereunder; admissibility of other crimes, when allowed. State v. Hampton, 38 K.A.2d 209, 212, 162 P.3d 840 (2007).

106. Mentioned; statute of limitation held to have run in cases involving nameless warrant containing DNA references. State v. Belt, 285 K. 949, 959, 179 P.3d 443 (2008).

107. Defendant not entitled to jury instruction on kidnapping and criminal restraint as lesser included defenses of aggravated kidnapping under the facts of case. State v. Clary, 47 K.A.2d 38, 270 P.3d 1206 (2012).