65-4105. Substances included in schedule I. (a) The controlled substances listed in this section are included in schedule I and the number set forth opposite each drug or substance is the DEA controlled substances code that has been assigned to it.
(b) Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) |
Acetyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide) |
9821 |
(2) |
Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(1-methyl-2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylacetamide |
9815 |
(3) |
Acetylmethadol |
9601 |
(4) |
Acryl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacrylamide; acryloylfentanyl) |
9811 |
(5) |
AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[(1-dimethylamino)cyclohexylmethyl]benzamide) |
9551 |
(6) |
Allylprodine |
9602 |
(7) |
Alphacetylmethadol
|
9603 |
(8) |
Alphameprodine |
9604 |
(9) |
Alphamethadol |
9605 |
(10) |
Alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl)ethyl-4-piperidyl] propionanilide; 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-(N-propanilido) piperidine) |
9814 |
(11) |
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl (N-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide) |
9832 |
(12) |
Benzethidine |
9606 |
(13) |
Betacetylmethadol |
9607 |
(14) |
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl (N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide |
9830 |
(15) |
Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl (other name: N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide |
9831 |
(16) |
Beta-hydroxythiofentanyl (N-[1-[2-hydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]-N-phenylpropionamide) |
9836 |
(17) |
Betameprodine |
9608 |
(18) |
Betamethadol |
9609 |
(19) |
Betaprodine |
9611 |
(20) |
Butyryl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutyramide) |
9822 |
(21) |
Clonitazene |
9612 |
(22) |
Crotonyl fentanyl ((E)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbut-2-enamide) |
9844 |
(23) |
Cyclopentyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopentanecarboxamide) |
9847 |
(24) |
Cyclopropyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide) |
9845 |
(25) |
Dextromoramide |
9613 |
(26) |
Diampromide |
9615 |
(27) |
Diethylthiambutene |
9616 |
(28) |
Difenoxin |
9168 |
(29) |
Dimenoxadol |
9617 |
(30) |
Dimepheptanol |
9618 |
(31) |
Dimethylthiambutene |
9619 |
(32) |
Dioxaphetyl butyrate |
9621 |
(33) |
Dipipanone |
9622 |
(34) |
Ethylmethylthiambutene |
9623 |
(35) |
Etonitazene |
9624 |
(36) |
Etoxeridine |
9625 |
(37) |
Furanyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylfuran-2-carboxamide) |
9834 |
(38) |
Furethidine |
9626 |
(39) |
Hydroxypethidine |
9627 |
(40) |
Isotonitazene (N,N-dietyl-2-(2-(4 isopropoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine; N,N-diethyl-2-[[4-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-5-nitro-1 H-benzimidazole-1-ethanamine) |
9614 |
(41) |
Isobutyryl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylisobutyramide) |
9827 |
(42) |
Ketobemidone |
9628 |
(43) |
Levomoramide |
9629 |
(44) |
Levophenacylmorphan |
9631 |
(45) |
Methoxyacetyl fentanyl (2-methoxy-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide) |
9825 |
(46) |
3-Methylfentanyl (N-[3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide) |
9813 |
(47) |
3-Methylthiofentanyl (N-[(3-methyl-1-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide) |
9833 |
(48) |
Morpheridine |
9632 |
(49) |
Ocfentanil (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide) |
9838 |
(50) |
O-desmethyltramadol
|
|
(51) |
MPPP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine) |
9661 |
(52) |
MT-45 (1-cychohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine) |
9560 |
(53) |
Noracymethadol |
9633 |
(54) |
Norlevorphanol |
9634 |
(55) |
Normethadone |
9635 |
(56) |
Norpipanone |
9636 |
(57) |
Ortho-fluorofentanyl (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide; 2-fluorofentanyl) |
9816 |
(58) |
Para-chloroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide) |
9826 |
(59) |
Para-fluorobutyryl fentanyl (N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide) |
9823 |
(60) |
Para-fluorofentanyl (N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]propanamide |
9812 |
(61) |
Para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide, 4-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl) |
9824 |
(62) |
Para-methoxybutyryl fentanyl (N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide) |
9837 |
(63) |
PEPAP (1-(-2-phenethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine) |
9663 |
(64) |
Phenadoxone |
9637 |
(65) |
Phenampromide |
9638 |
(66) |
Phenomorphan |
9647 |
(67) |
Phenoperidine |
9641 |
(68) |
Piritramide |
9642 |
(69) |
Proheptazine |
9643 |
(70) |
Properidine |
9644 |
(71) |
Propiram |
9649 |
(72) |
Racemoramide |
9645 |
(73) |
Tetrahydrofuranyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide) |
9843 |
(74) |
Thiofentanyl (N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide |
9835 |
(75) |
Tilidine |
9750 |
(76) |
Trimeperidine |
9646 |
(77) |
U-47700 (3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide) |
9547 |
(78) |
Valeryl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpentanamide) |
9840 |
(c) Any of the following opium derivatives, their salts, isomers and salts of isomers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) |
Acetorphine |
9319 |
(2) |
Acetyldihydrocodeine |
9051 |
(3) |
Benzylmorphine |
9052 |
(4) |
Brorphine |
9098 |
(5) |
Codeine methylbromide |
9070 |
(6) |
Codeine-N-Oxide |
9053 |
(7) |
Cyprenorphine |
9054 |
(8) |
Desomorphine |
9055 |
(9) |
Dihydromorphine |
9145 |
(10) |
Drotebanol |
9335 |
(11) |
Etorphine (except hydrochloride salt) |
9056 |
(12) |
Heroin |
9200 |
(13) |
Hydromorphinol |
9301 |
(14) |
Methyldesorphine |
9302 |
(15) |
Methyldihydromorphine |
9304 |
(16) |
Morphine methylbromide |
9305 |
(17) |
Morphine methylsulfonate |
9306 |
(18) |
Morphine-N-Oxide |
9307 |
(19) |
Myrophine |
9308 |
(20) |
Nicocodeine |
9309 |
(21) |
Nicomorphine |
9312 |
(22) |
Normorphine |
9313 |
(23) |
Pholcodine |
9314 |
(24) |
Thebacon |
9315 |
(d) Any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, their salts, isomers and salts of isomers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) |
Alpha-ethyltryptamine
|
7249 |
(2) |
4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine
|
7391 |
(3) |
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
|
7396 |
(4) |
4-methoxyamphetamine
|
7411 |
(5) |
5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine |
7401 |
(6) |
4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine
|
7395 |
(7) |
3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine |
7400 |
(8) |
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) |
7405 |
(9) |
3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (also known as N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4 (methylenedioxy) phenethylamine, N-ethyl MDA, MDE, and MDEA) |
7404 |
(10) |
N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (also known as N-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenethylamine, and N-hydroxy MDA) |
7402 |
(11) |
3,4,5-trimethoxy amphetamine |
7390 |
(12) |
Bufotenine
|
7433 |
(13) |
Diethyltryptamine
|
7434 |
(14) |
Dimethyltryptamine
|
7435 |
(15) |
Ibogaine
|
7260 |
(16) |
Lysergic acid diethylamide |
7315 |
(17) |
Marijuana |
7360 |
(18) |
Mescaline |
7381 |
(19) |
Parahexyl
|
7374 |
(20) |
Peyote
|
7415 |
(21) |
N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate |
7482 |
(22) |
N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate |
7484 |
(23) |
Psilocybin |
7437 |
(24) |
Psilocyn
|
7438 |
(25) |
Ethylamine analog of phencyclidine
|
7455 |
(26) |
Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine
|
7458 |
(27) |
Thiophene analog of phencyclidine
|
7470 |
(28) |
1-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl] pyrrolidine
|
7473 |
(29) |
2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine
|
7399 |
(30) |
Salvia divinorum or salvinorum A; all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as salvia divinorum, whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, any extract from any part of such plant, and every compound, manufacture, salts, derivative, mixture or preparation of such plant, its seeds or extracts. |
|
(31) |
Datura stramonium, commonly known as gypsum weed or jimson weed; all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as datura stramonium, whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, any extract from any part of such plant, and every compound, manufacture, salts, derivative, mixture or preparation of such plant, its seeds or extracts. |
|
(32) |
N-benzylpiperazine
|
7493 |
(33) |
1-(3-[trifluoromethylphenyl])piperazine
|
|
(34) |
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine |
7392 |
(35) |
2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7), its optical isomers, salts and salts of optical isomers |
7348 |
(36) |
Alpha-methyltryptamine (other name: AMT) |
7432 |
(37) |
5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), its isomers, salts and salts of isomers |
7439 |
(38) |
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E) |
7509 |
(39) |
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D) |
7508 |
(40) |
2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C) |
7519 |
(41) |
2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine
|
7518 |
(42) |
2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2) |
7385 |
(43) |
2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-4) |
7532 |
(44) |
2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H) |
7517 |
(45) |
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)ethanamine (2C-N) |
7521 |
(46) |
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P) |
7524 |
(47) |
5–methoxy–N,N–dimethyltryptamine (5–MeO–DMT)
|
7431 |
(48) |
2–(4–iodo–2,5–dimethoxyphenyl)–N–(2–methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
7538 |
(49) |
2–(4–chloro–2,5–dimethoxyphenyl)–N–(2–methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
7537 |
(50) |
2–(4–bromo–2,5–dimethoxyphenyl)–N–(2–methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
7536 |
(51) |
2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
|
(52) |
2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
|
(53) |
2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine
|
|
(54) |
1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide (5F-CUMYL-P7AICA) |
7085 |
(e) Any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) |
Etizolam
|
|
(2) |
Mecloqualone |
2572 |
(3) |
Methaqualone |
2565 |
(4) |
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid |
(f) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers:
(1) |
Aminorex
|
1585 |
(2) |
Fenethylline |
1503 |
(3) |
N-ethylamphetamine |
1475 |
(4) |
(+)cis-4-methylaminorex ((+)cis-4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine) |
1590 |
(5) |
N,N-dimethylamphetamine (also known as N,N-alpha-trimethyl-benzeneethanamine; N,N-alpha-trimethylphenethylamine) |
1480 |
(6) |
Cathinone (some other names: 2-amino-1-phenol-1-propanone, alpha-amino propiophenone, 2-amino propiophenone and norphedrone) |
1235 |
(7) |
Substituted cathinones Any compound, except bupropion or compounds listed under a different schedule, structurally derived from 2–aminopropan–1–one by substitution at the 1-position with either phenyl, naphthyl, or thiophene ring systems, whether or not the compound is further modified in any of the following ways: |
|
(A) By substitution in the ring system to any extent with alkyl, alkylenedioxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the ring system by one or more other univalent substituents; |
||
(B) by substitution at the 3-position with an acyclic alkyl substituent; |
||
(C) by substitution at the 2-amino nitrogen atom with alkyl, dialkyl, benzyl, or methoxybenzyl groups; or |
||
(D) by inclusion of the 2-amino nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure. |
(g) Any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances:
(1) |
N-[1-benzyl-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (benzylfentanyl), its optical isomers, salts and salts of isomers |
(2) |
N-[1-(2-thienyl)methyl-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (thenylfentanyl), its optical isomers, salts and salts of isomers |
(h) Any of the following cannabinoids, their salts, isomers and salts of isomers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) |
Tetrahydrocannabinols Meaning tetrahydrocannabinols naturally contained in a plant of the genus Cannabis (cannabis plant), as well as synthetic equivalents of the substances contained in the plant, or in the resinous extractives of Cannabis, sp. and/or synthetic substances, derivatives, and their isomers with similar chemical structure and pharmacological activity such as the following: Delta 1 cis or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and their optical isomers Delta 6 cis or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and their optical isomers Delta 3,4 cis or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and its optical isomers (Since nomenclature of these substances is not internationally standardized, compounds of these structures, regardless of numerical designation of atomic positions covered.), except tetrahydrocannabinols in any of the following: |
7370 |
(A) Industrial hemp, as defined in K.S.A. 2-3901, and amendments thereto; |
||
(B) solid waste, as defined in K.S.A. 65-3402, and amendments thereto, and hazardous waste, as defined in K.S.A. 65-3430, and amendments thereto, if such waste is the result of the cultivation, production or processing of industrial hemp, as defined in K.S.A. 2-3901, and amendments thereto, and such waste contains a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3%; or |
||
(C) hemp products, as defined in K.S.A. 2-3901, and amendments thereto, unless otherwise deemed unlawful pursuant to K.S.A. 2-3908, and amendments thereto. |
||
(2) |
Naphthylmethylindoles Any compound containing a 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole group by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group whether or not further substituted on the indole group to any extent and whether or not substituted on the benzyl or naphthyl ring to any extent. |
|
(3) |
Naphthoylpyrroles Any compound containing a 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole group by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group whether or not further substituted on the pyrrole group to any extent, whether or not substituted on the benzyl or naphthyl ring to any extent. |
|
(4) |
Naphthylmethylindenes Any compound containing a naphthylmethylindene structure with substitution at the 3-position of the indene group by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group whether or not further substituted on the indene group to any extent, whether or not substituted on the benzyl or naphthyl ring to any extent. |
|
(5) |
Cyclohexylphenols Any compound containing a 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol structure with substitution at the 5-position of the phenolic ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group whether or not substituted on the cyclohexyl ring to any extent. |
|
(6) |
2,3-Dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-napthalenylmethanone.
|
|
(7) |
9-(hydroxymethyl)-6, 6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol
|
|
(8) |
Indole-3-carboxylate esters
|
|
(9) |
Indazole-3-carboxamides
|
|
(10) |
Indole-3-carboxamides
|
|
(11) |
(1H-indazol-3-yl)methanones
|
|
(12) |
(1H-indol-3-yl)methanones
|
History: L. 1972, ch. 234, § 5; L. 1982, ch. 269, § 2; L. 1985, ch. 220, § 1; L. 1986, ch. 241, § 1; L. 1987, ch. 244, § 1; L. 1989, ch. 200, § 1; L. 1991, ch. 199, § 1; L. 1992, ch. 174, § 1; L. 1993, ch. 70, § 1; L. 1994, ch. 54, § 1; L. 2001, ch. 171, § 3; L. 2008, ch. 124, § 1; L. 2010, ch. 7, § 1; L. 2011, ch. 83, § 3; L. 2013, ch. 67, § 1; L. 2014, ch. 79, § 1; L. 2015, ch. 27, § 1; L. 2016, ch. 95, § 2; L. 2017, ch. 57, § 4; L. 2018, ch. 101, § 1; L. 2019, ch. 37, § 13; L. 2022, ch. 99, § 3; June 9.
Revisor's Note:
Section was also amended by L. 2011, ch. 10, § 1, but that version was repealed by L. 2011, ch. 89, § 9.
Section was amended twice in the 2018 session, see also 65-4105b.
Law Review and Bar Journal References:
"Kansas Denies Religion-Based Defense to Rastafarians on Marijuana Charges[State v. McBride, 955 P.2d 133 (Kan.Ct.App.1998)]," Brendon C. Taylor, 38 W.L.J. 307 (1998).
Attorney General's Opinions:
Delta-8 THC is unlawful to possess or sell unless made from industrial hemp. 2021-4.
CASE ANNOTATIONS
1. No material variance between allegations and proof in prosecution for possession and sale of heroin; conviction upheld. State v. Brooks, 217 K. 485, 488, 536 P.2d 1365.
2. Prosecution hereunder; order suppressing marijuana seized reversed; search and seizure reasonable. State v. Hays, 221 K. 126, 128, 557 P.2d 1275.
3. Appeal from conviction for sale of narcotic drugs; no error in overruling motions for acquittal, continuance or for new trial. State v. Holt, 221 K. 696, 561 P.2d 435.
4. Conviction hereunder reversed; rights under warrantless clause of Fourth Amendment violated. State v. Dean, 2 K.A.2d 64, 574 P.2d 572.
5. Applied; conviction of possession of marihuana with intent to sell sustained; statute constitutional. State v. Luginbill, 223 K. 15, 21, 574 P.2d 140.
6. Noted; court will follow traditional probable cause determination of "totality of circumstances" in issuing search warrant. State v. Rose, 8 K.A.2d 659, 660, 665 P.2d 1111 (1983).
7. Where defendant denies involvement in illegal activity, not entitled to instruction on procuring agent theory as affirmative defense. State v. Brown, 8 K.A.2d 715, 667 P.2d 388 (1983).
8. Conviction hereunder; statutes describing crimes of possession and sale of material containing psilocybin not unconstitutionally vague. State v. Justice, 10 K.A.2d 569, 577, 704 P.2d 1012 (1985).
9. State appeal on dismissal; disclosure of confidential informant's identity, sanctions enforcing discovery orders discussed. State v. Schilling, 238 K. 593, 712 P.2d 1233 (1986).
10. Cited; search and seizure with warrant based on observations of state park custodian; private citizen not agent of state examined. State v. Smith, 243 K. 715, 717, 763 P.2d 632 (1988).
11. Propriety of searches and seizures, excessive sentencing examined. State v. Doile, 244 K. 493, 769 P.2d 666 (1989).
12. Amendments to sentencing statutes regarding modification (21-4603(3)(a)) and presumption of probation (21-4606a) as substantive and applicable prospectively determined. State v. Sylva, 14 K.A.2d 609, 610, 795 P.2d 947 (1990); affirmed 248 K. 118, 804 P.2d 967 (1991).
13. Severity level of drug possession charge under 65-4162 should have been enhanced for conviction under prior statute (65-4127b). State v. Crank, 262 K. 449, 452, 989 P.2d 890 (1997).
14. Prohibiting marijuana use by Rastafarians while allowing peyote use in tribal religious ceremonies does not violate equal protection. State v. McBride, 24 K.A.2d 909, 915, 955 P.2d 133 (1998).
15. Claim that allowing Native Americans to use peyote in religious ceremonies while prosecuting Rastafarians for cultivating marijuana violates equal protection fails. McBride v. Shawnee County, Kansas Court Services, 71 F.Supp.2d 1098, 1100 (1999).
16. Sufficient to prove possession of marijuana where defendant picked up bag of marijuana thrown into her lap and placed it between car seat and door of car. State v. Carrasco, 28 K.A.2d 683, 19 P.3d 202 (2001).
17. Held: Policeman had reasonable suspicion to stop car after execution of search warrant on premises for drug activity when upon exiting building found vehicle parked in front of house at 11 p.m. and only other buildings on block contained businesses which were closed. State v. Griffin, 31 K.A.2d 149, 61 P.3d 112 (2003).
18. Conviction hereunder upheld; traffic stop and smell of marijuana provided probable cause for search. State v. Preston, 41 K.A.2d 981, 207 P.3d 1081 (2009).
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